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TAMU PSYC 307 - 3.4_compact
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Developmental Psychology13/4/20081Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence3/4/20082Adolescencez Adolescence is transitional period– Both continuity and discontinuity with childhoodz Not just a time of rebellion, crisis, pathology, and deviance– time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, finding a place in the worldz Genetic, biological, environmental, and social factors interact in adolescent development z Relationships with parents take a different form(Hamburg & Hamburg, 2004) 3/4/20083Today’s Adolescentz Ethnic, cultural, gender, socioeconomic, age, and lifestyle differences influence the actual life trajectory of every adolescent z Adolescents are exposed to complex options through the mediaz They face the temptations of drug use and sexual activityz Too many adolescents are not provided with adequate opportunities and support to become competent adults(Patterson & Hastings, 2007) (Conger & Dogan, 2007)3/4/20084Formal Operational Thoughtz According to Piaget, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, the formal operational stage, begins in adolescence z Formal operational thought is more abstract and logical; full of idealism and possibilities z Hypothetical-deductive reasoning involves creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications3/4/20085Adolescent Egocentrismz Adolescent egocentrism is the heightened self-consciousness of adolescentsz David Elkind (1976) cited two key components:– imaginary audience – personal fable z Adolescents also often show a sense of invincibility or invulnerability3/4/20086Information Processingz Executive functioning involves higher-order cognitive activities such as reasoning, making decisions, monitoring thinking critically, and monitoring one’s cognitive progressz Improvements in executive functioning permit: – more effective learning– making decisions and engaging in critical thinking(Kuhn & Franklin, 2006)Developmental Psychology23/4/20087Brain Developmentz Adolescents’ brains undergo significant structural changes:– corpus callosumthickens and this improves ability to process information – prefrontal cortexdoesn’t finish maturing until 18 to 25 years of age or later– amygdalais the seat of emotions such as anger; it matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex(Eshel & others, 2006; Toga, Thompson, & Sowell, 2006) (Giedd & others, 2006)3/4/20088Pubertyz Puberty is not the same as adolescence – most important marker of the beginning of adolescence– puberty ends before adolescence doesz Puberty -- period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes z Puberty is not a single, sudden event– the most noticeable changes are signs of sexual maturation and increases in height and weight 3/4/20089Male Pubertal Changesz Increase in penis and testicle sizez Appearance of straight pubic hairz Minor voice changez First ejaculation (which usually occurs through masturbation or a wet dream)z Appearance of kinky pubic hairz Onset of maximum growth in height and weightz Growth of hair in armpitsz More detectable voice changesz Growth of facial hair 3/4/200810z Breasts enlarge z Pubic hair appearsz Hair appears in the armpitsz Height increases and hips become wider than shouldersz Menarche, first menstruation, irregular and anovulatoryz Voice changes not comparable to malesz By the end, breasts become more fully rounded Female Pubertal Changes3/4/200811Weight and Height and the Growth Spurtz Girls tend to outweigh boys early in adolescencez At the beginning of adolescence, girls tend to be as tall as or taller than boys of their agez Mean age at beginning of the growth spurt: – 9 for girls– 11 for boys3/4/200812Gender Differences in Body Imagez Adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies and develop images of what their bodies are like z Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images than boys throughout puberty z Boys become more satisfied as they move through puberty, probably because their muscle mass increases (Bearman & others, 2006)Developmental Psychology33/4/200813Body Artz More adolescents are getting tattoos and parts of their body pierced – do it to be different– some research indicates tattoos and body piercings are markers for risk-taking in adolescence – other researchers argue that body art is increasingly used to express individuality rather than rebellion (Armstrong, Caliendo, & Roberts, 2006) (Deschesnes, Fines, & Demers, 2006) (Armstrong & others, 2004)3/4/200814Eating Problems and Disordersz Research findings about eating disorders center around these variables:– Body image– Parenting– Sexual Activity – Role Models and the Media z commercials with idealized thin female images increased adolescent girls’ dissatisfaction with their bodies (Attie & Brooks-Gunn, 1989) (Pakpreo & others, 2005) (Cauffman, 1994) (Hargreaves & Tiggemann, 2004)3/4/200815Anorexia Nervosaz Anorexia nervosa -- eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness z Three main characteristics of anorexia nervosa are: – weighing less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for a person’s age and height– having an intense fear of gaining weight– having a distorted image of one’s body shape(Agras & others, 2004) (Wiseman, Sunday, & Becker, 2005) (Seidenfeld, Sosin, & Rickert, 2004)3/4/200816Bulimia Nervosaz Bulimia nervosa -- eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern– Bulimics go on an eating binge and then purge by self-inducing vomiting or using laxatives z Bulimics are preoccupied with food, have a strong fear of becoming overweight, and are depressed or anxious (Speranza & others, 2005) 3/4/200817Hormonal Changez Hormones -- powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstreamz Puberty is an interaction of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads– Gonads -- the testes and ovaries -- are particularly important3/4/200818Endocrine Influencesz The pituitary sends a signal via gonadotropins– hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries to manufacture hormonesz Through interaction with the hypothalamus…–the pituitary gland also secretes hormones that directly lead to growth and skeletal maturation– or that produce growth effects through interaction with the thyroid gland (located at the base of the throat)Developmental Psychology43/4/200819Hormonesz Testosterone– hormone associated in


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TAMU PSYC 307 - 3.4_compact

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