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TAMU PSYC 307 - 1.22_b w
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Developmental Psychology Lecture111/22/20081Developmental Psychology-3071/22/20082Research Strategiesz Descriptive studiesz Experimental studiesDevelopmental Psychology Lecture121/22/20083•Correlational studiesNew York Times, July, 19991/22/20084Developmental Research Designsz Cross-sectional– Observes people of different ages (or cohorts) at one point in timez Longitudinal– Observes people of one cohort repeatedly over timezSequential– Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by observing different cohorts repeatedly over timeDevelopmental Psychology Lecture131/22/20085Nature-Nurture: Direction of Effects?z Bias in much developmental literature is to view child’s behavior as a function of the environmentz Equally important to recognize that a child also affects the environmentz “Reanalyze” a correlational study of adult-child interactionz Consider the child’s behavior as the independent variable rather than the dependent variable1/22/20086Example: Bell & Ainsworth (1972)z Documented relationship between maternal responsiveness and infant cryingz Mothers who were responsive to infants early in life had babies who cried less at a later time in comparison to unresponsive mothersz Conclusion: Maternal responsiveness affected infant cryingDevelopmental Psychology Lecture141/22/20087But…z Perhaps babies who are difficult to sooth may create mothers who respond to them more slowlyz Beware the correlational conclusion!!!1/22/20088Three Stages of Prenatal Developmentz Zygotic period: from conception to 2 weeksz Embryonic period: from 3rdto 8thweekz Fetal period: from 9thweek onDevelopmental Psychology Lecture151/22/20089Mitosis: Body Cells1/22/200810Meiosis: Germ CellsDevelopmental Psychology Lecture161/22/2008111/22/200812Developmental Psychology Lecture171/22/2008131/22/200814Genetic Problemsz Other abnormalities of sex chromosomes– Color blindness (8 males in 100)– Hemophilia– Degeneration of optic nerve– Certain types of deafness– Night blindnessz Autosomal abnormalitiesDevelopmental Psychology Lecture181/22/200815Stages of Prenatal Periodz Zygotic periodz Embryonic periodz Fetal period1/22/200816Developmental Psychology Lecture191/22/200817Zygotic Periodz Conception to time blastocyst implants in uterine wall– Rapid multiplication of cells– Cells begin to differentiate– Ectoderm: will become skin, hair, sensory organs, nervous system– Endoderm: will become digestive and respiratory system– Mesoderm (third layer) emerges a bit later; will become circulatory and skeletal muscular system– Other parts of blastocyst develop into placenta1/22/200818Developmental Psychology Lecture1101/22/200819Embryonic Periodz Third to eighth week– Most important stage in terms of differentiation of organs, limbs, and physiological systems– By end, all organs have been differentiated, although not fully developed– Critical period for many aspects of physical development– Drugs and other teratogens have greater impact on development now than at any other time– As many as one-half of all embryos are spontaneously aborted during this period1/22/200820Developmental Psychology Lecture1111/22/2008211/22/200822By end of embryonic period…z Embryo is one inch long; recognizably humanz Head makes up 1/3 to ½ of embryo’s lengthz Large eyes visible; tongue and teeth buds can be seenz Legs and arms with distinct toes and fingers are recognizablez Stomach produces digestive juices; kidneys filter blood from second week onz Respiratory system is least developed; will not be able to support life until six months after conceptionDevelopmental Psychology Lecture1121/22/200823Fetal Periodz Begins 2 to 3 months after conception when organogenesis is complete– Bone cells begin to develop– Organogenesis is largely over, so chance of gross structural malformations due to teratogens decreases– At beginning of period, organs just vaguely resemble their future structure and function– Connections between different organs begin to develop (which means the fetus does NOT simply grow bigger)1/22/200824Developmental Psychology Lecture1131/22/200825Final Point re. Fetal Periodz From third month, fetus begins to swallow and urinate; various reflexes begin to emergez From six months (28 weeks), fetus is capable of breathing and crying and is viable; all sensory system are functionalz During last three months, rapid growth slow drasticallyz Fat pad begins to form under skin in eighth month1/22/200826Prenatal Environmental Influencesz Teratogensz Other maternal factorsz Paternal influencesDevelopmental Psychology Lecture1141/22/200827Teratogensz Prescription/non-prescription drugsz Illegal drugsz Cigarette smokingz Alcoholz Other1/22/200828Teratogensz Larger doses over time usually have a more serious effectz Genetic makeup of mother and developing organism may make them more/less susceptiblez Presence of risk factors (poor nutrition, lack of medical care) can worsen the effect of a single harmful agentz Effects vary depending on age of organism at time of exposureDevelopmental Psychology Lecture1151/22/200829Prescription & Non-Prescription Drugsz Just about any drug taken by mother can enter the embryo/fetal bloodstream through the placentaz Example: Thalodimide1/22/200830Illegal Drugsz Babies born to mothers who use cocaine, heroin, or methadone are at risk for a wide variety of problemsz Prematurity, low birth weight, physical defects, infant deathz Low attentiveness to environment, low responsiveness to stimuliz Consequences may be long-termDevelopmental Psychology Lecture1161/22/200831Cigarette Smokingz Best known effect is low birth weight; also associated with prematurity, miscarriage, and infant deathz Newborns are unresponsive to environment and show increased muscle tensionz How? Nicotine causes placenta to gwowabnormally, affecting fetal nutritionz Smoking creates increase of carbon monoxide in bloodstream; decreases supply of oxygen to fetus1/22/200832Alcoholz Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)z Mental retardation, slow physical growth, facial abnormalitiesz Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE): some, but not all of above abnormalitiesz How? Alcohol interferes with formation of brain and nervous systemz Metabolism of alcohol in mother’s body draws oxygen from developing fetusDevelopmental Psychology Lecture1171/22/2008331/22/200834Other– Hormones – Radiation– Environmental pollution– Rubella, AIDS, Genital Herpes, Chicken Pox, Mumps,


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TAMU PSYC 307 - 1.22_b w

Type: Miscellaneous
Pages: 17
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