1Infancy: Sensation, Perception, & LearningInfancy: Sensation, Perception, & LearningLecture 4Lecture 4Overview• Quick Reflex overview• Sensory and Perceptual Development• How to Study Infant Perception (Methods)• Hearing, Vision, Smell, Taste, & Touch• Intermodal Perception• Cognitive Development• Piaget’s Theories• Learning, Memory and Conceptualization •Language Development2Reflex Stimulation ResponseDevelopmental PatternBlinkinglight flash/ air puff close eyes permanentBabinskistroke sole fans out toes, twists foot in disappearsGraspingpalms touched grasps disappearsMoro (startle)sudden noisearches back, throws back head, flings out arms & legs, then closes them close to bodydisappearsRootingcheek strokedturns head, opens mouth, begins suckingdisappearsSteppinginfant held so feet touch groundmoves feet as walking disappearsSuckingobject touching mouth sucks disappearsSwimminginfant’s face in watercoordinated swimming motionsdisappearsTonic Neckinfant on backmakes fists, turns head to rightdisappearsInfants’ Sensory & Perceptual Capacities3Methods for Assessment: Unlocking the secrets of babies’ sensory capabilitiesCNS:Autonomic NSBehavioralneurological anatomy Heart rate Kickingsingle-cell & intercellular physiologyRespiration Head turningaggregated cortical electrical activationSucking patternscentral functionLooking (Violation of Expectation, Visual Preference)Habituation & Dishabituationa process of learning where individual reacts with less & less intensity to a repeatedly presented stimulus, eventually responding only faintly /not at all.Visual Preference• Principles used?• Discrimination • Gaze duration• Habituation• Useful with babies days oldvisualvisualstimulistimulibabybabyexperimenteexperimenterr4Habituation/ Dishabituation- Can use variety of stimuli types- Concept: use baby’s ability to discriminate to infer learning/ perception- Habituation: baby’s response will increase when perceives “new”stimuli- Dishabituation: recovery in responses = infant can discriminate between “old” and “new” stimuliHigh Amplitude Sucking- Infant sucking brings about noise- Learn that when bored (habituated) of noise, stop sucking- Experimenter changes sound, baby becomes interested (dishabituates)5BehavioralEye Tracking TechnologyTrack perceptual developmentObject trackingGaze patternsVision Development20/200 20/200 --20/80020/8001 mocolor & color & form from form from motion motion perceptionperception3 mos~ adult ~ adult acuityacuity6 mosfull adult full adult acuityacuity6 yrspattern pattern perceptioperceptionn2 mosas early as 2-3 wksNeural development is immatureProblems with assessing color perception: luminance(lightness or brightness)6newborn 4 weeks8 weeks 3 mos 6 mosVision: How babies see their worlds• Depth Perception• Stereoscopic vision• Visual cliff (video)• Gibson & Walk, 19603D spatial dimension, (depth), produced by fusion of 2 separate images contributed by each eye, each of which reflects the stimulus from a slightly different angle. 3-5 monthsan apparatus that tests an infant’s depth perception by using patterned materials & an elevated, clear glass platform to make it appear that one side of the platform is several feet lower than the other. Gibson & Walk, 19607Vision: Face Perception• Is face perception innate or driven by experience? • Specialization–Infants pref face-like patterns over others (Dannemiller)• Parts or wholes?days after birthrecognizes recognizes mommom’’s face v. s face v. another another womanwoman2 mosattend to attend to eyeseyes3 mospref pref organized organized facial facial featuresfeatures9 mosdiff diff distinguishing distinguishing faces of other faces of other speciesspecies6 mosequally good equally good at at human/other human/other species face species face discriminatiodiscriminationn?in face processing occurs over the first year. (general to specific)Hearing: Babies are good listeners• infants on higherside of freq thresholds (v. adults)• infants discrimination between tones 2x larger than adults • why?high frequency sensitivity matures first!changes in ear structure, nervous system maturation & experience8Hearing: Music Perception• infant preference: consonance / dissonance• rhythm preferences?• perception of melodiesSmell, Taste, & Touch • Smell• Taste• TouchInfants sense of smell is well developed at birthmake “appropriate” facial expressions when exposed to different odors.can discriminate their mother’s smell from other women.Newborns can detect differences in tasteNewborns make facial expressions when exposed to different tastes.what the mother eats while pregnant and nursing, can influence infants’ taste preferences.Touch may be one of the first senses to develop.Newborns experience pain, and are actually more sensitive than older infants. – measured by stress reactionsBy 1 year, infants can discriminate among objects by using touch alone. *Shape*9Intermodal Perception• Intermodal perception – the use of sensory information from more than one modality• To identify a stimulus• Intermodal transfer• Smooth and knobby pacifiers (touch & vision)• Bouncing objects (hearing & vision)To re-identify known stimulus in “new” modality Cognitive Development10• Examined both correct & incorrect responses to tasks• Aided Binet in creating the first IQ test• Noticed common mistakes among age groups• Noticed systematic differences among older & younger childrenPiaget• Schemas• infants - create behavioral schemes (physical activities)• toddlers - create cognitive schemes (mental activititeS)• Stages are...• Cognitive Equilibration: equilibrium / disequilibrium (label diagrams below)assimilateaccommodateassimilateaccommodategreaterlesser4 Major Stages:1. Sensorimotor2. Pre-operational3. Concrete- Operations4. Formal-Operations11• 6 substages- born with little capacities, and limited exploratory abilities• Thru trial & error infant generates new experience due to their movements & try to repeat those experiences ➙strengthens into scheme• Play & Imitation important Reflexive Schemes1˚Circular Reactions2˚Circular ReactionsCoordination of 2˚Circular Reactions3˚Circular Reactions Mental Representation0-1 mo1-4 mos4-8 mos8-12 mos12-18 mos18-24 mosPiagetian Sensorimotor Stages• Reflexive Schemes: reflexes generate initial sensorimotor schemes, building blocks• 1˚ Circular Reactions:
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