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TAMU PSYC 307 - 2.12_compact
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12/12/20091Re. the previous lecturez Sorry about keeping you late!z Andrew Meltzoff was the name I was trying to remember– Meltzoff's discovery, that newborns will stick out their tongues to imitate adults, demonstrated a connection between self and other from the moment of birth. "We're a role model for babies from the moment they look up at us and begin to sculpt their own activities according to what they see in the culture around them," Meltzoff says.2/12/200922/12/20093What characterizes a “fast” baby?2/12/20094And so…what does IP research reveal?z Relationship between information processing efficiency and cognitive abilities– Correlate moderately well with later measures of intelligence– More efficient information processing during the 6 months following birth is related to higher intelligence scores between 2 and 12 years of age and other measures of cognitive competence 2/12/20095Assessing the IP ApproachPROSz Often uses more precise measures of cognitive abilityz Critical in providing information about infant cognitionCONSz Precision makes it more difficult to get overall sense of cognitive development2/12/2009622/12/20097From Research to PracticeTaking the Einstein Out of Baby Einsteinz Kaiser Family Foundation Report– Marketing of educational media for infants far outpaces research on its effectiveness – Correlational studies – Company reluctance to test claims2/12/20098Associations between Media Viewing and Language Development in Children Under Age 2 YearsFrederick J. Zimmerman, Dimitri A. Christakis, & Andrew N. MeltzoffVolume 151, Issue 4, Pages 364-368 (October 2007) z The study's authors, Drs. Frederick Zimmerman, DimitriChristakis, and Andrew Meltzoff, concluded that, among infants aged 8 to 16 months, exposure to "baby DVDs/videos" — such as Baby Einstein and Brainy Baby — was strongly associated with lower scores on a standard language development test. This result was specific to baby-oriented educational videos and did not hold for other types of media, and was not related to shared parental viewing. – Among toddlers aged 17 to 24 months, the study found no significant effects, either negative or positive, for any of the forms of media that were viewed. – Daily reading and storytelling, however, were found to be associated with somewhat higher language scores, especially for toddlers – They said it's possible heavy watching of the videos hurt children's language development but also proposed other possibilities -- that some parents of children with poor language skills expose them to more videos or that some parents leave their children watching the videos by themselves.2/12/20099Beyond (or creating) Teletubbies!What does the research reveal?z Effect on language learning– Infants do not learn language from rote repetition; social interaction and context are needed 2/12/200910THE ROOTS OF LANGUAGE2/12/200911From Sounds to SymbolsFundamentals of Languagez Phoneticsz Phonologyz Syntaxz Semanticsz Comprehension and production2/12/200912Another Look –Comprehension Precedes Production32/12/200913Early Sounds and CommunicationPrelinguistic Communicationz Babbling– Universal– Repetition of sounds2/12/200914See what I say…Infants with hearing impairmentsz Babble with hands instead of voicesz Gestural and verbal babbling activate same neural centers2/12/200915Baby Signz “Symbolic gestures" (or "Baby Signs," as they are known more colloquially)– can function as words for infants, opening up another channel of communication with those around them– In 1996 this research culminated in a book for parents, by Linda Acredolo & Susan Goodwyn, entitled Baby Signs: How to Talk With Your Baby Before Your Baby Can Talk2/12/200916What comes after “ba-ba-ba-ba”?Progression from Simple to Complexz Exposure to speech sounds of particular language initially do not influence babbling– At 6 months babbling reflects of language of culture– Distinguishable from other language babblingz Combinations of sounds and gestures used to communicate2/12/200917First Wordsz Increase at rapid rate– 10 to 14 months = first word– 15 months = 10 words– 18 months = one-word stage ends– 16 to 24 months = language explosion equally 50 to 400 words2/12/200918First Sentencesz First sentences created around 8 to 12 months after first wordsz Indicate understanding of labels and relationships between thesez Often observations rather than demandsz Use order similar to adult speech with missing words– Telegraphic speech42/12/200919Telegraphic Speech Revealed2/12/200920Other Early Language Characteristicsz Underextensionsz Overextensions2/12/200921Origins of Language DevelopmentLearning Theory Approaches: Language as a Learned Skill z Language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning z Through the process of shaping, language becomes more and more similar to adult speech2/12/200922Counter-Arguments to Learning Theory Approachz Does not adequately explain how children readily learn rules of languagez Does not account for how children move beyond specific heard utterances to produce novel phrases, sentences and constructionsz Does not explain how young children can apply linguistic rules to nonsense words2/12/200923Origins of Language DevelopmentNativist Approaches: Language as an Innate Skillz Genetically determined, innate mechanism that directs the development of languagez Children are born with innate capacity to use language, which emerges, more or less automatically, due to maturation.– Chomsky’s universal grammar and LAD2/12/200924Assessing Chomsky’s ApproachPROz Specific gene related to speech production identifiedz Language processing in infant brain structures similar to those in adult speech processingCONz Uniqueness of speech countered by primate researchersz Even with genetic priming, language use still requires significant social experience to be used effectively52/12/200925Origins of Language DevelopmentInteractionist Approaches: Language as a Social Devicez Specific course of language development is determined by the language to which children are exposed and reinforcement they receive for using language in particular waysz Social factors are key to development2/12/200926Chapter 2: InfancyModule 2.3Social and Personality Development in Infancy2/12/200927Looking Ahead z Do infants experience emotions?z What sort of mental lives do infants have?z What is attachment in infancy and how does it affect a


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TAMU PSYC 307 - 2.12_compact

Type: Miscellaneous
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