3/26/2009118 AND UNDERDistractions May Shift, but Sleep Needs Don’t z http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/health/10klas.html?em3/26/20092Can We Increase Our Intelligence? z http://judson.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/guest-column-can-we-increase-our-intelligence/?scp=3&sq=olivia%20judson&st=cse3/26/20093Generational Changes: The Flynn Effect3/26/20094Flynn Effectz The Flynn effect is the rise of average Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test scores over the generations, an effect seen in most parts of the world, although at greatly varying rates. – It is named after James R. Flynn, who did much to document it and promote awareness of its implications. z This increase has been continuous and roughly linear from the earliest days of testing to the present. – "Test scores are certainly going up all over the world, but whether intelligence itself has risen remains controversial," psychologist Ulric Neisser wrote in an article in 1997 in The American Scientist.3/26/20095Below Intelligence NormsMental Retardationz Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act – Least restrictive environment– Mainstreaming– Full inclusion3/26/20096Benefits of Mainstreamingz Ensure that all persons, regardless of ability or disability, have access to full range of educational opportunities, and fair share of life’s rewards3/26/20097How is mental retardation identified?z American Association on Mental Retardation definition– Familial retardation–FAS– Down Syndromez Levels–Mild– Moderate– Severe– Profound3/26/20098Above Intelligence Normsz Gifted– Federal government guideline (P.L. 97-35 Sec 582)z Research suggests that highly intelligent people tend to be outgoing, well adjusted, and popular3/26/20099Educating Gifted and Talented Childrenz Accelerationz Enrichment3/26/200910Chapter 4: Middle ChildhoodModule 4.3 Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood3/26/200911Looking Aheadz In what ways do children’s views of themselves change during middle childhood?z Why is self-esteem important during these years?z How does children’s sense of right and wrong change as children age?z What sorts of relationships and friendships are typical of middle childhood?z How do gender and ethnicity affect friendships?z How do today’s diverse family and care arrangements affect children?3/26/200912THE DEVELOPING SELF3/26/200913Who Am I?z During middle childhood, children begin to view themselves:– Less in terms of external physical attributes – More in terms of psychological traits3/26/200914Erik Erikson’s conception of middle childhoodz Encompasses the INDUSTRY-VERSUS-INFERIORITY STAGE3/26/2009153/26/2009163/26/200917Psychosocial Development in Middle ChildhoodIndustry Versus Inferiorityz Industry = feelings of mastery and proficiency and a growing sense of competence z Inferiority = feelings of failure and inadequacy 3/26/200918Erik Erikson’s conception of middle childhoodz Encompasses the INDUSTRY-VERSUS-INFERIORITY STAGEz Period from ages 6 to 12 years of agez Characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges related to:– Parents– Peers– School– Other complexities of the modern world3/26/200919How do school-agers change?z Children realize they are good at some things and not so good at othersz Self-concept and self-esteem continue to develop3/26/200920SELF-ESTEEMDevelops in important ways during middle childhoodz Children increasingly compare themselves to othersz Children are developing their own standards3/26/200921Moral Developmentz According to Piaget, older children:– consider the intentions of the individual – believe that rules are subject to change– are aware that punishment does not always follow wrongdoingz Based on Piaget, Kohlberg proposed six stages of moral development which he believed are universal 3/26/200922The Kohlberg Stagesz Based on Piaget, Kohlberg proposed three levels (six stages) of moral development that he believed are universal– Preconventional reasoningz children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments– Conventional reasoningz individuals apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others, such as parents or the government– Postconventional reasoningz individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code3/26/2009233/26/200924Kohlberg’s Criticsz Key criticisms involve– link between moral thought and moral behavior– roles of culture and the family in moral development– significance of concern for othersz Kohlberg’s theory misses or misconstrues some moral concepts in particular cultures(Lapsley, 2006; Lapsley & Narvaez, 2006; Smetana, 2006; Turiel, 2006; Walker, 2006) (Miller, 2006; Shweder & others, 2006; Wainryb, 2006)3/26/200925RELATIONSHIPS: BUILDING FRIENDSHIP IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 3/26/200926Friends in Middle Childhoodz Provide emotional support and help kids to handle stressz Teach children how to manage and control their emotionsz Teach about communication with othersz Foster intellectual growthz Allow children to practice relationship skills3/26/200927Damon’s Stages of FriendshipStage 1 (ages 4-7 years)z Children see friends as like themselvesz Children see friends as people to share toys and activities withz Children do not take into account personal traits3/26/200928Damon’s Stages of FriendshipStage 2 (ages 8-10 years)z Children now begin to take other’s personal qualities and traits into considerationz Friends are viewed in terms of kinds of rewards they providez Friendships are based on mutual trust3/26/200929Damon’s Stages of FriendshipStage 3 (ages 11-15 years)z Friendships become based on intimacy and loyaltyz Friendships involve mutual disclosure and exclusivity3/26/200930King or Queen of the Hill…Status Hierarchiesz Children’s friendships show clear hierarchies in terms of STATUS z STATUS is the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group3/26/200931What Personal Characteristics Lead to Popularity? 3/26/200932Popular Childrenz Helpful and cooperativez Good sense of humorz Good emotional understandingz Ask for help when necessaryz Not overly reliant on othersz Adaptive to social situationsz Social problem-solving skill competence3/26/200933But…– Although generally popular children are friendly, open, and cooperative, one subset of popular boys displays an array of negative behaviors, including being aggressive,
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