PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 15 Overview of Previous Lecture Critical periods in language development Humans and language Bilingual children Precursors to language development Semantic knowledge Types of words Overview of Current Lecture Nonlinguistic Symbols Development of Symbol Use Gender and Sex Differences October 30 Nonlinguistic Symbols A Symbol a Some entity that can stand for something other than itself broad b Characteristics i Meaningful aesthetically pleasing intriguing artwork ii boring written word c Symbol referent relationships i Iconicity how much symbol itself looks like resembles what it represents 1 Computer icons 2 Very iconic or not iconic at all ii Mapping one to one one to many 1 One to one maps onto one kind of thing map of Dallas is not useful in NY 2 One to many build many cars houses based on one plan B Development of Symbol Use CHARS OF DRAWING NOT ON EXAM a Models DaLoache i Successful performance requires little snoopy and big snoopy have all the same things 1 Memory for location remember where first snoopy was hidden 2 Mapping from model to room understand that little room maps onto big room 3 Understanding relational network between model and room all the same things ii Results 1 2 5 year olds cannot find big snoopy in big room but can find little snoopy in little 2 3 years old 75 successful make correspondences very clear ensure that they knew where little snoopy was to start with iii Further results 1 Size of model and the room a More similar in size physical characteristics the better kids performed 2 Pictures rather than the model a 2 5 and 3 year olds actually perform better b Dual representation hypothesis i Children have a difficult time as representing something as an object and a symbol picture is more abstract and symbol like ii More object like something is the less likely to use it as a symbol iii The incredible shrinking room study shrinking machine after hiding Terry the Troll 1 Two rooms two sizes but they are the same room big to small 2 Took out symbolic representation little room doesn t stand for big room it IS the big room 3 2 5 year olds able to find troll after shrinking memory 3 Experience with the model a Allowed to play with snoopy and the model prior to test don t do as well b Dolls i Used to elicit testimony of abuse get kids to tell you what has happened to them ii Can children use dolls to represent self iii Doll studies 1 Sticker game with dolls a Put stickers on kid ask them to put sticker on their doll b 2 5 year olds had poor performance couldn t use doll as symbol for themselves i Resistant to doll representing themselves 2 Report of traumatic incident in daycare C CODING OF LOCATION NOT ON TEST October 30 Sex Differences and Gender Development A Terminology a Sex differences i Biological XX and XY influenced by hormone development ii Nature based differences 1 Androgens testosterone and precursor to estrogen b Gender differences i Learned or nurture based differences 1 Gender stereotypes cultural beliefs about appropriate characteristics 2 Gender roles display of gender stereotype in everyday behavior 3 Gender typing association of object behaviors activities traits with biological sex that conform to cultural stereotypes 4 Gender identity perception of the self as masculine or feminine a Adrogeny high masculine feminine characteristics B Sex Gender Differences some more related to biological differences than others a Physical i Brain size males have bigger brain ii Strength males have more muscle mass develop and maintain muscle more easily iii Sex characteristics genitalia primary puberty development secondary iv Activity level seen early in development males show more activity than females 1 Actographs 2 Related to testosterone rats mice v Vulnerability males more vulnerable than females across lifespan experience vs biology 1 More males conceived more females born 2 Males more likely to have learning emotional physical psychological deficiencies 3 Males have more health problems more likely to smoke have heart attacks etc a Males usually have had higher risk jobs b Social i Play males rule bound active games females more verbal turn taking fewer rules 1 Early play built out of stereotypes Biologically based ii Aggression males more aggressive than females 1 Rats monkeys related to testosterone levels 2 Men overtly more aggressive females more passive aggressive a Kind of aggression definition of aggression and how it is expressed differs iii Intimacy little girls have fewer friends and closer relationships boys have larger groups of friends but not as close or intimate 1 6 month old babies gender differences for one vs multiple a Social relationships or perceptual preference relationship preferences c Cognitive development controversial i Spatial differences between spatial understanding do not vary as widely as they used to 1 Mental rotation robust sex differences ii Verbal girls develop language before boys do talk sooner and more 1 No big differences on tests 2 Math abilities few significant differences between girls and boys in math a Math performance highly correlated with perception of self and mother s perception of daughter s math abilities d MORE OVERLAP IN DATA THAN DIFFERNCES BETWEEN BOYS AND GIRLS C Gender Identity theoretical perspectives a Social learning theory kids see males and females behaving in different ways begin to act in those ways take on those roles socialization gender constancy b Cognitive development theory gender constancy age 5 behave in certain ways bays c Social Constructivist Gender Schema Theory kids see males and females behaving in different females identify as one of the other and take on those traits into your gender identity D Biological Perspective hormones and development a Organizational androgens i Prenatal surge of testosterone males another between 0 3 months old ii Permanent organize brain and external genitalia permanence long lasting effects iii Critical periods b Activational i Post natal ii Transient iii Secondary to organizational effects 1 Males can develop body fat breast tissue etc if surges of estrogen 2 Change in voice is only permanent effect with testosterone E Relevant Developmental Periods a Prenatal 8 24 weeks b Postnatal 4 6 months c Reproductive maturity F Human Research Strategies a Behavioral b Atypical populations i Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia CAH ii Females with overactive adrenal glands phenotypically females masculinized behavior c
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