PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 12 Overview of Previous Lecture Cognition Motor Development Language Overview of Current Lecture Defining Intelligence Measuring Intelligence Problems with Intelligence Genes Environment and Development of Intelligence Other views on Intelligence October 21 Intelligence I Intelligence a Definition what is it i g general intelligence 1 Spearman ii positive associations between cognitive tasks iii 40 50 of variance in IQ performance iv IQ scores estimates of g b Calculating Intelligence i IQ intelligence quotient 1 Mental age chronological age 100 a MA CA 100 IQ II Measuring Intelligence a Stanford Binet Test i Appropriate for ages 2 85 ii Subtests verbal and non verbal iii Five domains fluid reasoning knowledge quantitative reasoning visualspatial processing working memory iv Fifth Edition SB5 classification 1 Based on stratified random sample based on 2000 census 2 Mean is 100 most people fall between 70 and 129 3 Standardized test b Bayley Scales of Infant Development BSID i Ages 0 3 years ii Domains motor fine and gross language receptive and expressive cognitive development 1 Poor predictors or future intelligence 2 DQ developmental quotient c Raven s Progressive Matrices RPM i Ages 5 and up ii Does not use language at all iii 60 multiple choice questions complete the pattern 1 Measures the ability to complete the pattern d Wechler Series different test can measure specific domains i Wechler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence WPPSI ii Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children WISC 1 Verbal comprehension perceptual speed working memory iii Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS III Problems with Measuring Intelligence a Flynn Effect IQs steadily increase from one generation to the next i Racial cultural biases 1 Belgium average IQ increases 18 points between generations a Restandardize IQ tests 2 Communication ethnic minorities immigrants could be different than natives ii Gender biases 1 May not be answerable by everyone iii Stereotype threat 1 Fear of being judged on performance a Present in infants and adults b Correlations with Intelligence g i Academic achievement SAT schools ii Job attainment and performance iii Income iv Health and mortality v Total brain volume vi Height vii Myopia near sightedness glasses viii Correlation does not equal causation c Low end of the Bell Curve i Intellectual disabilities formerly MR 1 IQ 70 2 2 3 of population 3 Adaptive functioning d e f g ii Interventions 1 Can assist individuals help them gain daily living skills improve outcomes iii Can be idiopathic or syndropathic extra genetic material High end of Bell Curve giftedness i IQ 130 ii 2 3 of population iii Precocious 1 Develop skills and abilities early in an area iv Rage to master 1 Intrinsically motivated to master material need stimulating environment and work v March to their own drummer Why use IQ scores i Quantitative masure of a child s intelligence relative to that of other children ii IQ scores for large representative populations Stability of IQ scores i Longitudinal studies continuity from 5 onward 1 Closer in time more closely correlated 2 More stable at older ages ii Changes in scores over time can be influenced by characteristics of children and their parents academic performance and disciplinary strategies IQ scores as predictors i More closely related to occupational success than SES school attended or any other variable studied ii Motivation creativity health social status 1 High IQ generally leads to higher salary IV Genes Environment and Development of Intelligence a Genes have substantial influence b Environmental contribution HOME i Nature and nurture both important ii Relationship with SES iii Racial ethnic differences stereotype threat c Higher correlation of IQ for siblings who share more DNA twins and live together d Increased number of risk factors can lead to decrease in intelligence scores i Negative mother child interactions mother did not complete high school V Other views on intelligence away from g score a Two Types of Intelligence i Crystallized intelligence factual knowledge about the world increases with age ii Fluid intelligence ability to think on the spot to solve problems declines slowly after adulthood b Alternative Perspectives of Intelligence i Sternberg s Theory of successful Intelligence 1 Triarchic theory made up of three components a Analytic b Creative c Practical everyday life ii Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences 1 Individual Differences a Different types of people are intelligent in different ways 2 Intellectual inconsistencies 3 People possess at least eight types of intelligence a Linguistic logical mathematical spatial musical naturalistic bolidy kinesthetic intrapersonal interpersonal
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