IPHY 2420 1nd Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture - September 28, 20141. Vitamins2. Classifications & Roles3. Antioxidants4. Sources of Vitamins5. Vitamin Enrichment & Fortification6. Absorption of Vitamins:7. Populations at Risk for Vitamin Deficiency8. How to Maximize Vitamin Contents of Food9. Vitamin AOutline of Current Lecture – October 1, 20141. Vitamin D2. Vitamin E3. Vitamin K4. Thiamin 5. Niacin6. Neural Tubes7. Vitamin C8.Current Lecture:1. Vitamin D- Fat Soluble- 2 Diseases from Vitamin D deficiency:o Rickets: Soft &deformed bones. Bones are bent from weight of torso – seen only in children. This disease is permanent and not fixable. Children with vitamin D at a critical point. Seen more often before USA started adding Vitamin D to milk (before child labor laws-children spent all their time in the factory, did not get sun and had rickets.)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Osteomalacia: Adult form of Rickets. “Bad bones” When adults severely reduce vitamin D in diet (women with multiple children in a row, people who work the night shift)- Needed for metabolism of calcium and phosphorus- Production and maintenance of healthy bones - Sources: Sunlight, fish, milk (sunscreen blocks bodies ability to make vitamin D) 2. Vitamin E- Fat Soluble- Major antioxidant found in cell.- Protects fatty acids- Improves Vitamin A absorption- Maintains nervous and immune system functions. - Sources: Nuts, Colorful Vegetables and Seeds - We need 15mg a day – American’s usually do not reach this (we must be more intentional when choosing foods with Vitamin E) - Vitamin E Deficiency: Hemolysis (breaking apart of RBC) o Due to oxidation of cell membranes- Vitamin E Toxicity: Only good for you but usually under consumed3. Vitamin K:- Main function: Blood clotting - Fat Soluble - Our body makes Vitamin K all the time- Vitamin K Deficiency: Only 2 groups with risk- newborns & people with impaird liver function. This is because gut needs more bacteria. - Not essential – Vitamin K & Vitamin D are not essential because we don’t need to get them from outside source. - No known toxicity 4. Thiamin- B VITAMIN - Water Soluble - B VITAMINS: ALWAYS HELPS YOU RELEASE ENERGY YOU ALREADY HAVE- Metabolism of certain amino acids- Thiamin Deficiencyo Wet Beriberi: People are weak, have poor muscular coordination and may develop cardiovascular problems and edema – severe pitting edema from pressing onto skin – skin doesn’t recover from being pressed. Can kill you in less than 3 months.o Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: Seen in alcoholics, alcohol decreases absorption and increase excretion – can kill you in less then a month.- Sources: The U.S. government puts all B Vitamins in EVERYTHING THAT HAS FLOUR IN IT!5. Niacin- Functions: Part of 2 coenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions. - Deficiency: Pellagra (the 4 D’s) o Dermatitis – cracks in skin that contract infection o Diarrheao Dementia – mental break downso Death- Sources: The U.S. government puts all B Vitamins in EVERYTHING THAT HAS FLOUR IN IT!6. Neural Tubes:- Formed after first 2 weeks of conception – LACK OF FOLATE - Develops into brain and spinal cord- Folate-deficient pregnant women is at risk of giving birth to infants with neural tube defects (prevention formed in 1996)i. Spine Bifida: spine does not form properly and fails to enclose spinal cord this causes baby to develop sacks of nerves that sits on outside of spine (1st trimester of pregnancy). Some degree of paralysis. Baby cannot lay onits back.ii. Anencephaly - Babies born without a brain – the brain stem keeps the heart beating and lungs breathing, but there is no brain for higher thinking. Usually child dies within a week.- Foliate - is not naturally easy to get, in things like liver, asparagus, orange juice.7. Vitamin C - Water Soluble - Function: Collagen synthesis: hold organs in place when you run, strength to connective tissues, immune system functioning, synthesis of bile and certain neurotransmitters and hormones.- Sources: Citrus Fruits- Dietary Adequacy: SMOKERS – the chemicals in cigarettes break down vitamin C.- Vitamin C Deficiency: o Scurvy: Very rare in U.S. about 10mg of C a day prevents scurvyo Common for pirates, in early times (Bible)o Signs: Poor wound healing, pinpoint hemorrhages on face, bleeding gums, bruises, depression, and personality changes.o Causes death – wounds to not heal because lack of collagen and these wounds contract infections. o Dr. James Lind – Figured out that it was caused by lack of Vitamin C –and that you could get it from citrus