IPHY 2420 1nd Edition Lecture 19Outline of Current Lecture – October 27, 2014Pregnancy – Nutrition for a Lifetime (Chapter 13)1. Preparing for Pregnancy2. Terms for Pregnancy3. Placenta4. Signs of Pregnancy5. Nutrients We Need6. Energy Needs7. Food Assistance Programs8. Weight GainCurrent Lecture:1. Preparing for Pregnancy- For mothers AND fathers (low sperm quality/amount based on nutrition) - Pregnancy Weight: the weight the women is going into pregnancy is going to affect the outcome. Under/Over weight women have troubled pregnancy’s – under weight women are the highest at risk due to low birth rate infants and infant mortality rate. 2. Terms for Pregnancy:Prenatal Pregnancy: The time between conception and birthConception: Moment when sperm enters and egg – only one sperm enters then shuts down egg so no other sperm can enterUterus: Female reproductive organ that effects developing human during pregnancyZygote: Fertilized egg/ovum, implantation – within 2 weeks of fertilization. Blastula: Ball of rapidly dividing cells that implants in the uterus and starts creation of a uterus. Critical Periods: Times when it is incredibly important for women to have correct nutrients and avoid toxins like drugs and alcohol.Stem Cell: Can be placed ANYWHERE – undifferentiated – becomes like any cell that surrounds it.Seven Pounds: Universal healthy weight for a baby.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Placenta: Organ that develops BECAUSE women become pregnant “transfer area” regulates the nutrition of the fetus and connects embryo with umbilical cord. Delivers nutrients and oxygen and removes waste (urine) from embryo. Supply Depot and Waste Removal Center- AKA the Placenta- Blood of baby and mother NEVER mix- Metabolically active organ – uses lots of ATP, causes mother to feel very hot- Afterwards: The Placenta comes out with the baby – some cultures eat the placenta (iron supplement) – made into pills to take after birth. Some people symbolically bury next to a tree – most people have the hospital burn it.- Poor material nutritional prior to pregnancy could affect her grand children and children – nutritional deficiencies are trans-generational. - Umbilical Cord acts as an exchange zone - the way that the placenta provides for the fetus. - You can have a fertilized egg floating inside of you for a week while your body decides if you have enough fat to support a pregnancy.4. Signs of Pregnancy- Breast Changes: Larger or sensitive breasts due to presence of prolactin – a milk producing tissue in breast.- Morning Sickness: Nausea, with or without vomiting – can occur anytime of day – occursearly in pregnancy. This is adaptive because women are trying to get rid of high bacteria loads – meat and fruit have high bacterial counts. The developing baby is vulnerable to any bacteria or toxins. - Cravings: May be related to hormone changes or pica – Pica is eating nonfood substances such as coal, ashes or dirt. This may be towards an iron or zinc deficiency – no idea why women do it.5. Nutrients We Need- B12 & Folate: Lack of folate causes Neural tube defects, Spina bifida or Anencephaly (U.S. Enriched grain products with these)- Vitamin D: Lack of can cause Rickets – absorption of vitamin D doubles during pregnancy, recommended in order for preservation of maternal bone mass. - Iron: Needs of the fetus takes priority due to need for oxygenated cells to feed cells – enhancing absorption or eating iron with acidic foods. - Pre Natal Vitamins: Suggested take even for 3 months before pregnancy – Vitamin A 50% - in order to avoid hurting homebox. Calcium is only at 15% - because calcium is bulky – too big and heavy to take. 150% Iron so the baby can get enough AND the mom. Zinc is high in order to avoid Pica.6. Energy Needs- 1st Trimester: No increase- 2nd Trimester: +340 kcal/d- 3rd Trimester: +452 kcal/day7. Food Assistance Programs- What if a mother does not have enough money to buy food or prenatal vitamins?- WIC: Women, Infants and Children – Access to nutrition foods, nutrition education, referrals to medical and social services, HUGE benefits. - SNAP: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program – food stamps and debit cards that the government loads money on and assists.8. Weight Gain:- Ideal weight gain should be lean muscle and tissue- Building new heart, tissue and lungs- Most women do not return to pre-pregnancy weight. Most women gain +10 pounds for each pregnancy. - How much weigh should she gain? 20-35 pounds during pregnancy if the mother starts out at healthy BMI – overweight women have to gain much less weight (15-25)because they already have the weight that they need. Underweight should gain 28-40 pounds. -- Low-birth-weight: Infant is born less then 5 pounds and cannot fight infections; this is common to females who give birth under the age of 15 or over 45. In 2009 less than 8% of infants born were LBW. (Drug abuse, age, not right nutrients) - Preterm infants: Baby is born before 37 weeks (40 is normal) - Very Preterm Infants: Born before week 32. (Very high death