IPHY 2420 1nd Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture – October 10, 2014Clinical Signs of Eating DisordersI. Anorexia NervosaII. Bulimia NervosaIII. Combined Practices:IV. Other IssuesV. Body WeightVI. Get HelpOutline of Current Lecture – October 13, 2014Energy Balance & Weight Control – Chapter 101. Overweight and Obesity2. Body Composition3. Different Types of Fat4. Do you have too much Fat?5. Body Energy StatesCurrent Lecture:1. Overweight and Obesity- Excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat that cause chronic inflammation- U.S. has bad statistics with obesity – this is problematic because overweight children usually turn into overweight adults. - BMI index rate of change is so drastic, obesity becomes an epidemic- What parts of the country are more obese? Colorado is considered one of the healthiest in the nation. Mississippi is considered most obese in the country. - Food Desert: A place where it is difficult to get fresh fruit and vegetables – more fast food is available then healthy food. (Seen in lower class/impoverished areas)- Lack of school nurses – schools use to always have someone to talk to kids about weight, now to cut costs most schools do not have a nurse. - Treating obesity is expensive – preventing it is the key. (Surgery to get fat taken away, changes in hospital beds and sizes, less space and less beds.) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Body Composition- Fat Free Mass: Bones, tissues, body water, protein rich tissues- Total Body Fat: Adipose Tissue and essential fat from the make up of our bodies- Overeating causes increase in fat cell size and number – an obese 6 year old has more fatcells throughout their life and it is difficult to be a lean adult. Fat cell expands to store more fat- any extra turns into fat (carbs, protiens, sugars all turn to fat)- Someone who has been lean there whole life the body will be more prone to burning fatas an adult than storing it.- How to remove fat: If they die, get burned off or are surgically removed- liposuction.3. Different Types of Fat- Subcutaneous Fat: Fat that is under the skin – helps you stay insulated, protects muscles and bones from injury. This is the fat you feel when your jeans are too tight. Ex: Men gain around butt and legs – Women gain around bust, upper legs and hips.- Visceral Fat: Goes under abdominal muscles and over your stomach and intestines to protect them. Men gain this fat in the “apple” area and women in the “pear” area. - Lower Body Fat: “Pear Shape” Hips, joints, lower risk of diabetes and does not cause major problems to major organs. (Women gain this weight)- Central Body Fat: “Apple Shape” Releases fatty acids that affect level, overall verydangerous to central organs, high risk of serious health problems. (Men gain this weight – women gain this weight after menopauses because of lack of estrogen) - Waist Circumference: Indicative of health – Determines obesity related risks men should be under 40 inches and women should be under 35. - Brown Fat: Functions to generate heat – used when you are a baby or if you fall through ice and get hypothermia. Contains mitochondria and blood that’s why it is brown. - White Fat: Functions to store fat. - White in color. 4. Do you have too much Fat?- Men should have 13-21% body fat- Women should have 23-31% body fat (promote healthy menstruation)- The body has no shut-off for making fat – we must keep adding fat categories to include those who are fatter than extremely obese.- BMI: Body Mass Index – based on height and weight. The problem is muscle weighs more than fat – BMI considers muscular body builder, athletes, elderly, pregnant, breast feeding women and growing children etc. obese – they can’t use BMI and this is problematic.- Insurance companies still base estimate on BMI’s – this should be calculated on something like blood work instead. - It is just as dangerous to be underweight as it is to be overweight.- What is a better way to measure instead of BMI?o Underwater Weighing: Compares weight on land to weight completely submerged in tank of water after exhaling – fat floats and muscles sink – where your body goes on the water column dictates healthy weight. This process is a little impractical.o DEXA: Multiple low energy x-rays scan body. Provides detailed “pictures” of internal structures. The most accurate way to determine body mass index. This is impractical because it is so expensive.o Bioelectrical Impedance: Measures conduction of weak electrical currant through the body. Fat slows down electricity to determine where the fat it. Impractical because it doesn’t work if you are dehydrated, usually inaccurate. o Skin Fold Thickness: Feeling your skin in multiple places (with giant medical tweezers) and determining where it changes from muscle to fat –done in many health clubs. Problematic because it usually underestimatestotal body fat- sometimes has motive from health club wanting to get youto stay at health club. 5. Body Energy States1. Equilibrium – Equal amount of gaining and loosing calories2. Positive Energy – Gaining more calories than loosing3. Negative Energy – Loosing more calories than