IPHY 2420 1nd Edition Lecture 25Outline of Last Lecture - November 3, 2014Cancer1. Background, Types and new Techniques2. How Cancer Develops3. Distinctive Characteristics4. Transformation5. HeLa Cells6. Lung Cancer7. Skin Cancer8. Pancreatic Cancer9. Breast CancerOutline of Current Lecture 1. Breast Cancer (cont..)2. Ovarian Cancer3. Treatments for Cancer4. New Approaches to Cancer Treatment5. Pancreatic Cancer6. Consequences of Cancer (Cancer Cahexia) 7. Medications For Cancer8. Prevention of Cancer Current Lecture:1. Breast Cancer- Only 5-10% of the time cancer is based on genetic factors- 90-95% of the time it is exposure to carcinogens2. Ovarian Cancer- Hard to Diagnose - No one knows what causes ovarian cancerThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- 3 main causes:o HBOC Gene- Hereditary breast and ovarian geneo Risk factors: Infertility, BRACA gene, producing breast milk,o Mutation on P53 – showing up in several cancer types- Protective Factors: Birth Control, Vitamin D, Tubal Ligation (Tubes tied – permanent birthcontrol for women. 3. Treatments for Cancera. Surgery: Removal of tumors, determine extent of cancer, raises energy and protein needs – because wound healing process is exhausting for the body. b. Radiation: Killing cells around the tumor (heat) to damage the DNA and this shrinks tumor or causes cell death – after removal of tumor.c. Chemotherapy – Most extreme therapy – inhibits tumor growth by killing any quicklydividing cells – also has toxic effects – must be used on whole body. Only way to go after secondary tumors – irritating rapidly dividing cells of intestines (vomit), also stops hair growth cells from dividing. d. Bone Marrow Transplant: When bone marrow from someone else (painful for donor and recipient) Donor cells are rejected by body so they must go on immunosuppressant drugs so that the body does not reject the new cells – delicate process. (Used a lot in Leukemia) e. Immunotherapy: Stimulates the immune system to reject and destroy tumorsf. Vaccine Therapy: Giving people vaccines to people so they don’t get cancer, such as HPylori for stomach cancer or Hep C preventing Liver Cancer.g. Targeting Therapy: Attack ONLY cancer cells not all living cells (not like chemotherapywhich attacks all cells) Sophisticated drugs that only attack cancer cells. 4. New Approaches to Cancer Treatmenta) StandUpToCancer:a. Celebrities (Katie Couric) decided cancer has not been solved fast enough so they give up lots of money for treatment and research. b. Entertainment industries gave $18 million dollars vs. a $500,000 research grant – more money = faster workc. Celebrities (Katie Couric) decided cancer has not been solved fast enough so theygive up lots of money for treatment and research. d. $$ Determined by patient outcomes vs. publications (how many lives did you save)e. Accountability of labs by Nobel winners.b) Reactivate the body’s immune systemc) Cut off tumor’s blood or energy supplyd) Restart apoptosis – operational cell deathe) Biomarkers to track cancer cells – moves through your body (oral drug delivery) and identifies cancer cells – if you can see where they are before they become a tumora. Google has gotten involved with nanotechnology so they can track disease state EARLY DETECTION.f) Chronobiology: For chemotherapy drugs (circadian rhythms and when the drug is least toxic to cells drugs are more effective at 2AM then at 10 AM but this isn’t used because you would have to change workers hours – night shift workers/flight attendants/pilots have more chance of getting cancer because sleep cycle/time zone change interrupts circadian rhythm) g) Moon Analogy: We need to treat cancer like the moon – We spent tons of time and energy in America to get to the moon. If we really want to figure out cancer we have to put a ton of time and research into it. a. Why can’t we figure out cancer? The complexity of cancer stumps everyone. Many have begun to study cancer as a whole instead of just each type of cancer, also its important to combine.5. Pancreatic Cancer:- The “disaster” Cancer – we know the least about it. If you get diagnosed you usually onlyhave 6 months to live. - Cancer cells resist treatment, and the tumors are unable to be removed or operated on.- Preventative: Vitamin D???- Treatments: Gene sequencing (individual treatment based on your specific DNA) diagnostics, 6. Consequences of Cancer (Cancer Cahexia) - Cancer Cahexia: The body and the tumor are taking nutrients and energy away from the body, ex: wasting of the body, loosing weight too quickly, anorexia, lethargy, night sweats, fever- Metabolic changes: Reduced Protein synthesis, Increased rate of protein turnover, elevated serum lipids, insulin resistance – whole body response – start handling all chemicals and natural processes differently,- Chronic Nausea, satiety, fatigue, pain, mental stress, effects of cancer therapies. 7. Medications For Cancer- Megace: Makes you eat, appetite stimulant – you are loosing protein and fat so it makes you really hungry.- Anabolic Steroids: growth, hormone, insulin-like growth factor – may help lean body mass to build muscle that has been lost with cancer cachexia. 8. Prevention of Cancer: 1. Life style factors – what are you exposed toa. Who is more at risk for cancer?b. Aging (above 50)c. Family Historyd. Tobacco Usee. Radiation Exposure – x-rays, flying etc.…f. Certain environmental exposure – ex. Pollution around fracking sites. g. Alcohol Consumptionh. Excessive Body Fat or inactivity.2. Environmental Exposure – ex. Oil refinery at bottom of Mississippiis called “cancer ally”3. Dieta. Red meat and processed meats – cooking food increases carcinogens, burnt meat and smoking meat increases carcinogens (Beef Jerky)b. Fiber rich foods prevent colon and rectal cancer –help removes cancer cells from the body. High folate levels prevent colon cancerc. Cruciferous Vegetables: Broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sproutsd. Antioxidant and Vitamins (C&E)e. Food with phytochemicals – Super foods!f. MAINTAINIG A HEALTHY WEIGHT PREVENTS ALL TYPES OF CANCER4. Genetics (only