IPHY 2420 1nd Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture - October 29, 20141. Weight Gain2. Physical Activity3. Teen Pregnancy 4. Cautions for Pregnant Women5. Drug Use6. Prenatal Care7. Infant NutritionOutline of Current Lecture – November 3, 2014Cancer1. Background, Types and new Techniques2. How Cancer Develops3. Distinctive Characteristics4. Transformation5. HeLa Cells6. Lung Cancer7. Skin Cancer8. Pancreatic Cancer9. Breast CancerCurrent Lecture:Cancer1. Background, Types and new Techniques- Some are gender specific and some cancer is equivalent in both genders2. How Cancer Develops: - Mutations in the genes that control cell division- Cancer develops because of carcinogens (everyone has carcinogens) examples of carcinogens are smoking, tanning beds etc. occur when DNA is damaged the DNA is the blueprint of the body and effects every other part and function in the body. - Antioxidants – protect the body from carcinogens These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- When cells are damaged a healthy immune system will repair it, if the body cannot fix the problem it will kill the cell in entirety. When you get cancer, the cell loses its ability toself destruct- because it cannot destroy itself it keeps practicing cell division an it causes uncontrollable cell replication creating mass abnormal tissue. - Cancer cells divide and reproduce more quickly and keep producing damaged cells.3. Distinctive Characteristics: A. Different than Normal Mammalian cells because they Do not have density dependent inhibitions, they do not stop themselves from dividing and do not have anchorage dependence and this is why they form a mass. a. Anchorage dependence: the cells won’t divide unless they are touching something that is the sign of a healthy cell.b. Density Dependent inhibition: when cells are lost or taken away, a healthy cell refill the hole with new cells then stops dividing. B. Cancer cells do not respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms – the body has checks and balances to make sure everything is okay but cancer cells do not respond to them.C. Cancer cells may not need growth factors to grow and divide- they may make there own growth factor. Cancer cells can make there own food, respond to “Imaginary food” or fake signals. May have abnormal cell cycle control system. 4. Transformation- Normal cells are converted to cancerous cells by transformation.- If abnormal cells remain at the original site the mass or lump is called benign tumors and are not dangerous- Malignant tumors are when the abnormal cells invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting the cancer cells to other parts ot the body where theymay form secondary tumor- Metastasizing happens through transport of cells through lymph nodes and the blood.- A secondary tumor is when a cell has metastasize and created another tumor in adifferent location in the body.5. HeLa Cells- Henrietta Lacks: 1951 African American Women had cervical cancer – they removed the tumor, she died, but the scientists tested her cells – immortal cell line- 60,000 scientific papers – 1951 she was never credited or paid due to racist America.- These cells are still dividing today in 2014 – have helped us understand cancer, AIDS, polio etc..- Legal ramification tissue commercialization.- The Lack family is poor and not one penny went to the Lack family.- Immortal cell line it is not dying they are still dividing – if they divide this fast then it is quicker to test treatments on – if you have medicine that works on HeLa cells it is an effective medicine.6. Lung Cancer- 2 types of lung cancer small cell and non small cello Deadly (o 80-90% of cancer is caused by smoking other factors may be radon, asbestos, genetics, air pollutiono Seen through: Coughing up blood, shortness of breath, weight losso Chest Radiograph, biopsy will determine type of cancer, stage of cancer and health.7. Skin Cancer- Begins with melanocytes (cells that make pigment melanin) starts as mole or other pigmented tissue- Not very deadly – treatable - 3 main types:o Melonoma – often spreadso Basal Cell Skin Cancer – rarely spreads – on sun/faceo Squamous Cell cancer8. Pancreatic Cancer- Highly deadly cancer- Hard to detect – mostly only found in advanced stages- Smoking is greatest risk factor (also seen through diabetes or genetics) - African American men have the highest risks – older you are the higher chance you have it.9. Breast Cancer- Lump or nipple inversion or discharge, skin dimpling- Mammogram, self exams- Ultrasound and biopsies - Most dangerous when women hasn’t gone through menopause – incidence doubles every 10 years until the estrogen drops off.- The east has higher chance of breast cancer than the west- Causes: Hormone replacement therapy, saturated fat, BMI, alcohol, BPA radiation- Breast-feeding saves women from breast cancer – dangerous for newborn baby. - Only 5-10% of breast cancer is caused by genetics – BRACA 1 or BRACA 2 genes cause cancer, or first degree relative (mother, sister or daughter has breast cancer)- 90-95% of breast cancer is caused by the environment – single gene mutations, male breast cancer (Camp Lejune – military base that had contaminated water – many of the men 41 cases had to have