IPHY 2420 1st Edition Lecture 32Outline of Last Lecture Eating Healthy Over The HolidaysCurrent Lecture:Easy day: Testable Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current Lecture – December 1, 20141. Epigenetics2. Bioactive Food Components3. Future Generations4. The Dutch Hunger Winter5. Relationships with other Starvation eventsCurrent Lecture:1. Epigenetics- Mother = 1st Generation (smoking effects all the way down)- Fetus = 2nd Generation (smoking effects all the way down)- Reproductive Cells = 3rd generation- Your food choices influence what genes are turned on and the way you age and what diseases you are prone too. - Epigenome: Proteins and other molecules that regulate expression of geneso Turning genes on and offo Inherited or alteredThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Regulation mechanisms (what turns them on and off)o Histoneso Methyl Groups2. Bioactive Food Components:a. Nutrient or Phytochemical is generated during metabolism and decides what genes are activated or silenced (food directs on and off switch)b. Protein Synthesis increased or decreasesc. Changes cell and tissue functioningd. Disease prevention or progressione. EVEN WHEN YOU ARE 20 – food influences the future3. Future Generations:- Embryonic development: What you eat, if you are under stress like starvation, then you are impacting the next 2 generations (if your grandmother went through a starvation event, you may be more likely to have a higher body mass)- Modification of epigenome- Health Impacts: Bioactive constitutes in whole foods. - EXAMPLE: The Dutch Hunger Wintero Germans cut off food supplies for the Dutch to starve them out so they would surrender. o Calories reduced to 500-1000 calories per person (as opposed to 2000 calories)o Altered genetics of babies – 311 women were pregnanto There kids were prone to obesity and heart disease then siblings before or after famine – ALL 311 babies. (Thrifty Gene –Native Americans)o IGF2 Gene: This is the altered gene from starvation event.4. The Dutch Hunger Winter- The environment has an impact on our genes – switching on and off.- Epigenetics: “In addition to genetics”- Identical twins/identical genes- also different eating habits (pasta and meat vs. fruit and vegetables) Quality and quantity of food can affect the methyl cells docking to DNA and blocking genes and thus turning them off.- Epigenetics can be changed with the right drugs.- Synthetic materials we touch, drinking alcohol, smoking, and exposure to UV rays all can switch genes on and off. - October 1944: 6 Month blockade from food sources o Long term affects of malnutrition o Pregnancy during starvation: Tried to have the baby early – when she had the baby it was painful, she went blind and couldn’t control her tongue, the baby waslong and thin and she gave him away because she couldn’t feed him. o Records from before during and after starvation, ability to compare genes of babies born before after and during famine.o Unable to breast feed the baby – caused many health complaints- Kidney stones, breast cancer, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes - younger brother and older sister have no health problems. o Developmental Programming: The body remembers malnutrition and changes the way our bodies process food for the rest of our life. (More fat is in the arteries and storing food is a high priority.) Also changes to allergies, more diseases and other health concerns in general.5. Relationships with other Starvation events:- Animal Studies: Adding soy to the diet of identical mice causes the fur to change color. Soy has impact on hair color hormones. - Indian Diets: When transitioning from home to England the vegetables were cleaner then India and didn’t have b12 so they got very sick- Japanese Green Tea: Green tea switches on genes that fight cancer – it was uncommon for Japanese to get cancer because they drank so much green tea. - Mental Illness: Schizophrenia – Famine in China, 15 Million people died, people started eating bark, and the number of people with schizophrenia was much higher. Same in with Denmark- food during the summer has more folate so the genes that protect against schizophrenia are turned on- during the winter, enzyme activity is lower and more babies have schizophenia.- No part of a human is older than 7 years! Cells divide quickly and replace and grow.- Eating Disorders: Bulimia: Folic acid and Vitamin B12 are unavailable to the mother and the baby is negatively impacted.- Epigenetics is faster than evolution, being able to change in the time of one generation, instead of over hundreds of years.- Fruit Fly Eggs: Temperature Change also changes eye color from red to white; the offspring of the heated flies also had red eyes even though they were not exposed to thesame high temperatures.- Plants: Fast reaction of positive genes being passed onto seeds and next generation of plants. - Food given to baby (and the product its given to them in) The plastic is not safe for the baby to drink from (when the bottle is heated it breaks apart into the food) will affect the baby for the rest of their life. The plastic causes hormonal change- bisphemol A BPA changes puberty, can program a girls body to go into puberty- Acquired characteristics CAN be passed on through