IPHY 2420 – 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture -I. Fats & Other LipidsII. TriglyceridesIII. What oil should we buy?IV. PhospholipidsV. CholesterolVI. SaturationVII. Trans FatsVIII. Omega 3 vs. Omega 6Outline of Current Lecture – I. BileII. DigestionIII. Lipids and Health: Cardiovascular Disease a. Atherosclerosis b. Plaquec. ArteriosclerosisIV. Embolus Formationa. Heart Attack vs. Strokeb. Symptoms Man vs. Womenc. Risk FactorsV. Fat ReplacersVI. Clicker QuestionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureBILE:- Made in the liver – Stored in the gallbladder. - Bile salts: aid in lipid digestion- Without bile, lipids clump together in large fat globules. - Bile is florescent greenSummary of Digestion:1. Stomach- minor fat digestion occur2. Liver- produces bile that emulsifies fat. 3. Pancreas- secretes lipase into small intestine4. Small Intestine- When do we use fat for energy?- -The body prefers glucose (Triglycerides)- -Fatty acid is monomer of fats- Liver converts glycerol into glucose (Body uses sugar over fat)- Fat Is amazingly efficient way to store energy- -Fat warms you, cushions organs and is very important.How much fat should we be eating?- 20-30% of total calories- <10% Saturated fats- 300mg Cholesterol a day- Trans fatty (hydrogenated or processed fats) acid intake as low as possible- Stay away from processed foodsLIPIDS & HEALTH: Cardiovascular DiseaseCVD: disease that affects the heart and blood vessels – blood movement and oxygen movementlimited.Heart disease or stroke - by age 18 most Americans have plaque build up that causes these. Not just a male problem – common in females too.Take home message: Healthy arteries have plenty of open space for blood to flow through- we want space! With plaque development – it adds and builds plaque and closes up the space, resulting in high blood pressure. Same amount of blood volume needs to be pumped through smaller space – thus increase of pressure to get same blood volume.How is plaque formed? Atherosclerosis: disease where plaque is built up in arteries- because too much fat and cholesterol in the body. Plaque forms because irritation, not enough fiber or not enough HDL to take it away from your heart. Thrombus is a fixed clot that is on artery, this is the body’s response to an exploded plaque, and the body uses clots in order to repair the artery wall.Plaque hardens over time – garden hose is really flexible, but if you fill hose with concrete, at first it is still soft and flexible but when it hardens it crack and breaks the hose and is not flexible. This is what happens with plaque – when body fills these breaks with clots, they take up valuable surface area and closes up space- results in high blood pressure. Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of the arteries – leads to hypertension development.Hypertension – Chronic condition, contributes to tear and bursts of plaque. Characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels. Embolus Formation:A clot (thrombus) breaks off of artery and is free floating it is an embolus. Heart Attack vs. Stroke: When an embolus gets lodged in the artery and heart, it can cause a heart attack. (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION – heart attack) - if the embolus gets lodged in the brain it causes a stroke. The stroke is characterized by loss of oxygen and nutrients due to blockage. Symptoms Man vs. Women:- Men: Left arm feels tingly, chest pain, shortness of breath.- Women: Nausea, dizziness, sweating, shortness of breath, weaknessWomen were dying of heart attacks and we didn’t attribute their symptoms to heart attacks. Risk Factors: Modifiable (You can choose how your body acts/feels)- Smoking- Hypertension (Diet)- Diabetes (Diet)- Excess Body Fat (Diet)- Elevated blood cholesterol - LDL- Physical Inactivity – HDL- Invisible fats: Fats that we don’t know are there. Ex: Steakhouse soaks there steak in butter, a problem when you eat out often or eat food you didn’t prepare.Fat Replacers- Oatrim- Simplesse- Olean - Olestra Synthetic Fat Replacers: Go through the body so fast that the body doesn’t even realize fat went by, but if something moves through that fast, it means it is an irritant in small and large intestine (this causes diarrhea, anal leakage etc..) NOT WORTH IT! – Can say “natural” because we don’t have formal definition for “all natural”.How do we avoid fat?- Reduce intake of fried foods- Purchase lean cuts of meat and trim visible fat.- Replace fatty foods with reduce fat- fat-free alternatives.- Animal products have lots of saturated fat. (Although cheese is #1 way Americans absorbsaturated fat)- Nut-Butter is good replacement for high-fat sandwich meats.- Nuts are a good protein to avoid fat and keep energized- Less salad dressing – blue cheese is the WORST!CLICKER QUESTION:WHAT IS NOT THE FUNCTION OF THE LIVER: The liver does not store bile salts – gallbladder does.WHAT BROWSER DO WE USE FOR THE EXAM FRIDAY? :