IPHY 2420 1nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture - September 17th, 2014I. BileII. DigestionIII. Lipids and Health: Cardiovascular Disease a. Atherosclerosis b. Plaquec. ArteriosclerosisIV. Embolus Formationa. Heart Attack vs. Strokeb. Symptoms Man vs. Womenc. Risk FactorsV. Fat ReplacersVI. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current Lecture – September 23, 20141. Minerals2. Sodiuma. Blood Pressure3. Potassium4. Magnesium 5. Zinc6. Iodide7. SeleniumThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureHypertension: Condition characterized by consistently high/elevated blood pressure.MINERALS: 1. Sodium (Na)- Sodium + Chloride (interchangeable with salt)- Major positively charged ion, conducts nerve impulses- Transports glucose and amino acids – to feed cells- AI = Adequate intake: how much do you need to prevent disease (1 tsp.) it is important but we eat too much of it.- Lots of salt in foods, used as preservative- UL = Upper Limit, after the UL that mineral becomes toxic. Toxic level for salt is 2300, average intake is 3400 – this is what causes hypertension.- Sweat sometimes salt deficiency - Toxicity of salt becomes chronic inflammation (hypertension)- Major risk factors: family history, genetics, advanced age, obesity, smoking, alcohol over consumption, type 2 diabetes- 30% of Americans have hypertension2. Blood Pressure:- The only way to monitor hypertension: Systolic/Diastolic: 120/80- Lower then 120/80 is good, higher is worse.3. Potassium (K)- Most Americans are not getting enough K- May reduce blood pressure, decrease hypertension threat- Needed for nerve impulses.- Beets, Lima Beans, Bananas, Sweet Potatoes etc..-4. Magnesium (Mg)- 300 Chemical reactions- Muscle and nerve function- Strong Bones- Strengthen the immune system- Charlie Horse: Lack of Mg – muscles contract and don’t have enough Mg and K torelax. - Deficiency: Most often seen in girls ages 14-18 years of age (overall under consumption of foods)- Toxicity: If you have too many laxatives, antacids or dietary supplements5. Iron (Fe)- Transport oxygen to tissues and cells (hemoglobin and myoglobin)- Hemoglobin: iron containing protein in red blood cells transports oxygen to tissues and Co2 away- Myoglobin: iron-containing protein in muscle cells that control oxygen uptake from red blood cells.- Also used in energy generation: Breaks down ATP- Iron involved in immune function. - Correlation to income and iron intake – the more iron you have the more money you make because you can work longer and harder- Men need 8mg of Fe a day and Women need 18mg of Fe a day: This is due to loss of blood during menstruation.- Clams, Total Cereal, Oysters, Pumpkin Seeds, Cast Iron pans and acid.- Regulation of Iron: Digestive tract only absorbs 5-15% of iron that we ingest- we don’t know why, this is a huge problem. Low bioavailability Fe- 5% from grains is absorbed - Most Iron stored as ferritin in the liver - broken down hemoglobin is recycled andincorporated into new hemoglobin.- Lack of Iron causes Anemia; this impairs oxygen transport in blood. Cells and tissues don’t work as well (cold all the time, low energy)- Pica: Iron deficiency – craving for weird foods like dirt and laundry detergent. 6. Zinc (Zn)- 100 enzymes- Wound healing- Taste and Smell- Immunity- Oysters, Lamb, Crab, Yogurt, Turkey (PROTIEN – Commonality of the group)- Women need less then men, not issue for Americans- If you are Vegan then eat lots of Total, Lentil beans and soymilk- Zinc Deficiency occurs in people with digestive tract problems, not being absorbed.- Zinc Deficiency causes inability for body to form and growth retardation, wound healing issues, delayed sexual maturity (permanent conditions) 7. Iodide (I)- Added to salt- Required for thyroid (gland in lower neck, makes thyroxin) function, if thyroid does not function then fat levels and metabolism do not function correctly. Thyroxin controls metabolism.- Iodide deficiency forms a Goiter; a goiter is a enlarged thyroid gland- it happenedbecause thyroid is expanding so it can attempt to catch more iodide. Eating enough iodide will help the Goiter to go away.- Cretinism: Mental retardation of babies because mother did not have enough iodide- physically altered appearance, swollen face, very short arms and limbs. 8. Selenium (Se)- Selenium is antioxidants- May reduce risk of cancer- Keshan’s disease – Belt in Asia where soil has lack of selenium – barrel chested, swollen heart in order to increase surface area in attempt to catch any selenium
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