09 03 2014 9 3 14 Lecture 1 Anatomy subdivisions Gross or macroscopic Regional Systematic Microscopic Developmental 3 Body Planes and Sections Learn orientation and directional terms ventral inferior anterior etc 9 5 14 Lecture 2 GSS M W 5 00 PM HBK 0115 09 03 2014 Learn terms superior inferior ventral dorsal medial lateral intermediate 3 Body Planes and Sections frontal plane vertical cut divides into anterior and posterior sagittal plane vertical cut divides into left and right o mid exactly on midline equal parts o para not on the midline not equal parts transverse cross sectional plane horizontal cut divides into superior and inferior Body in anatomical position body erect feet slightly apart palms face forward thumbs point away from body Each organ in the human body will be compartmentalized by its own membrane Tend to be double or triple layered membranes Cavities posterior or dorsal body cavity anterior or ventral Organs soft located in the body cavity Each organ is a body cavity is surrounded by a double layered membrane Isolation b c of the membranes is referred to as compartmentalization of organs in the cavities of the human body Dorsal body cavity smaller cavity Superior cranial cavity o Houses the brain Inferior vertebral cavity o Houses the spinal cord Each organ is surrounded by the tri layered membrane called meninges o Brain and spinal cord surrounded by meninges Ventral body cavity larger cavity Separated by the skeletal muscle called the diaphragm o Superior thoracic cavity Two lungs pleural sac specific name of serous Heart pericardial sac specific name of serous Each organ is surrounded by a double layered membrane called the serous membrane o Inferior abdominal pelvic cavity Houses most of digestive organs all the urinary organs and reproductive organs Most of the organs are surrounded by double layer serous membrane these organs are referred to as intraperitoneal organs Those that aren t surrounded by the serous membrane are referred to as retroperitoneal organs Advantages of compartmentalization cavity Little or no interference from neighboring organs in the same body Prevents the spread of infection from organ to organ Membranes surrounding the organs hold the organs in their correct anatomical position Use quadrants when describing large areas Physiology the study of the function of body parts 11 organ systems in human body all work together in unison homeostasis 9 8 14 Lecture 3 Cell tissue organ organ system 09 03 2014 6 Levels of Organization chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organismal Physiology the study of the fxn of the parts in the human body Defined by the biochemical reactions occurring in the parts of the human body Biochemical reactions chemical reactions occurring in the cells in the body Composition of Matter Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass Atom protons atomic number neutrons electrons Overall charge of an atom is 0 protons electrons If the valence shell doesn t have the max of electrons the atom is unstable and chemically reactive its trying to fill its shell Protons positively charged located in atomic nucleus Neutrons no charge located in atomic nucleus Electrons negatively charged located in shells or orbits or orbitals around the positively charges atomic nucleus Basis for biochemical reactions unstable reactive atoms gain donate or share e to achieve stability The outermost shell valance should contain the maximum of e Atomic number of an atom number of protons in the atomic nucleus of protons of electrons atomic 11 11 protons 11 electrons positively charged particle cation Atomic 17 17 protons 17 electrons This atom will gain an electron to complete its valance shell Sharing of electrons equally b w two atoms results in a non polar covalent bond 9 10 14 Lecture 4 Atomic Orbits Shells First shell max 2 e Second shell max 8 e Third shell max 18 e however happy with 8 09 03 2014 Outermost shell valence If the valence shell doesn t contain the max number of e it is unstable and chemically reactive Hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules Partial negative charge of oxygen attracted to partial positive charge of hydrogen H bond ionic bond polar covalent nonpolar covalent Weakest strongest Important Compounds in the Human Body Inorganic don t contain carbon chains except carbon dioxide and monoxide o Water acids bases and salts Organic contain at least 2 carbon chains Water Polar Covalent Molecule Most abundant compound in body Known as universal solvent involved in all biochemical reactions High heat capacity absorbs body heat High heat of vaporization water evaporates using large amounts of occurring in body heat cools body o Sweating is a way to bring your body temperature down For cushioning around body organs such as brain Acids and Bases The blood pH is strictly maintained between 7 35 7 45 the optimum pH for the actions of enzymes involved in physiological processes Balance is regulated by buffers chemicals that resist abrupt pH changes o Bind H when the pH falls and release H when pH rises Carbonic acid is how you transport CO2 throughout your body Inorganic compounds in the human body Water polar covalent molecule o Universal solvent found everywhere in body o Most abundant compound in the body o Total fluid water volume 40 liters Intracellular fluid inside cells 27 40 liters Each cell 70 of volume will be water Extracellular fluid outside cells Interstitial fluid fluid surrounding cell in tissues Blood plasma extracellular fluid that forms the fluid portion of blood 3 5 liters o In all biochemical reactions occurring in human body Water is added to the reaction or produced during the reaction universal solvent Acids H donors o Concentration of H in a solution H is inversely related to the pH log H If you increase concentration you re going to decrease pH highly acidic low pH Bases H acceptors Buffers maintain blood pH 7 35 45 o Prevent abrupt changes that disrupt the narrow range o How do buffer systems react to an increase in blood pH Alkalosis Releasing H ions to decrease pH o How do buffer systems react to a decrease in blood pH Acidosis Bind H ions to increase pH Salts are ionic compounds that dissociated completely in water to give cations and anions NaCl KCl Ionic bonds easily break in the presence of water to yield cations and anions charges particles o In water act as electrolytes Cations that partake in biochemical reactions include calcium sodium potassium Organic Compounds Co and
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