EXAM 1: 9/26, Mon.Introduction -- Anatomy & Physiology Defined - Ch 18/31Human Anatomy & Physiology - Human? KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GROUP SEX -Kingdom Animalia-top grouping-Phylum Chordata-animals with spinal cords-Class Mammalia-warm-blooded animal who bears its young live-Order Primates-includes humans & all apes, monkeys, gorillas, etc.-Family Hominidae-include man & his closest cousins, chimps, & gorillas-Genus Homo-family of man, including our extinct predecessors, Homo erectus and the neanderthals-Species sapiens -Homo sapiens = “Wise Man”Anatomy Defined-anatomy: study of the parts of the body & how they relate to each other-subdivisions in the fields of anatomy:-gross or macroscropic antomy: study of large body parts visible to the naked eye-regional anatomy: all structures in particular region of the body-systemic anatomy: structures of the body are studied by the systems-microscropic anatomy: very small structures that can’t be viewed with naked eye-structures viewed by aid of microscope-cytology: cells viewed by aid of microscrope-histology: tissues viewed by aid of micrscrope-developmental anatomy: structural changes (ex: growth) that occur in the body throughout the life span-comparative anatomy: taking two anatomies & comparingAnatomy: Study Success1)Observation 2)Manipulation 3)Mastery of Anatomical Terms = Language of AnatomyOrientation & Directional Terms-ventral/dorsal OR anterior/posterior (not interchangeable)The Human Body: An Orientation-Body in anatomical position: erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs point away from body3 Body Planes & Sections-frontal (coronal) plane: a vertical cut that divides the body in anterior & posterior parts-sagittal plane: a vertical cut that divides the body into right & left parts-midsagittal plane: a sagittal cut exactly on the midline that divides the body into EQUAL right&left parts-parasagittal plane: a sagittal cut not on the midline that divides the body into UNEQUAL right&left parts-transverse or cross sectional plane: a horizational cut that divides the body into superior&inferior partsFundamental Concepts; Levels of Structural Organization - Ch 1 9/2Compartmentalization-each organ in the body cavity is surrounded by its own membrane-dorsal body cavity: composed of cranial cavity -- houses the brain-meninges: membranes surrounding the organs in the dorsal body cavity-vertebral cavity: houses the spinal cord-ventral body cavity: larger than the dorsal body cavity-divided into the surperior thoracic cavity & inferior abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm (skeletal muscle)-serous membranes: surround organs in the ventral body cavityAdvantages of Compartmentalization1) prevents the spread of infection from one organ to the other int he same body cavity2) prevents interference of the functioning of each organ by neighboring organs in the same body cavityPhysiology-physiology: study of the function of the body’s parts-systemic physiology: study of the functin of the systems of the body-homeostasis: 11 organ systems in the human body -- all 11 work in unison to sustain human body-principle of complementarity of structure & function -- “structure defines function”11 Organ Systems-Integumentary system-skeletal system-muscular system-nervous system-endocrine system-cardiovascular system-lymphatic system-respiratory system-digestive system-urinary system-reproductive systemLevels of Structural Organization-chemical level: atoms combined to from molecules-cellular level: cells are made up of molecules-tissue level: tissues consist of similar types of cells-organ level: organs are made up of different types of tissues-organ system level: organ systems consists of different organs that work together closely-organismal level: human organism is made up of many organ systemsHomeostasis-maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing-homeostatic imblances = diseases-established by 2 regulatory organ systems-nervous system-fact acting, short-lived, ionized-endocrine system-slow acting (generally, long-lived -- long-lasting, global-symptom: objective, how you feel-sign: what you seeChemical Composition of Cells - Ch 2 9/2Structural Organization in the Human Body (6 structural levels)-lowest level -- chemical level-biochemical reaction occurring in the body-referred to as the physiological processes necessary to sustain lifeComposition of Matter-matter: anything that occupies spcae & has mass-composed of elements-each elemen is composed of identical atoms-atoms -- building blocks of life-112 elements - most of body’s weight is made up of 4 major elements (96% of human body): carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogenStructure of an Atom-each atom is composed of 3 subatomic particles:1) protons: + charged subatomic particles located in the atomic nucleus (center of atom)-atomic #: # of protons in an atom2) neutrons: uncharged subatomic particles located inside atomic nucleus-therefore, overall charge of atomic nucleus is +3) electrons: - charged subatomic particles located in orbits/shells surrounding atomic nucleus-in an atom, # of protons = # electrons-therefore, overall charge of an atom is 0 -- electrically neutral9/7Atomic Orbits/Shells-electrons are located/arranged in orbits/shells in a specific manner:-first shell: can accomodate max. 2 electrons-closest to atomic nucleus-second shell: can accomodate max. 8 electrons-third shell: can accomodate max. 18 electrons-however, atom is stable w/8 electrons -- “The Octet Rule”-valence shell: outermost shell in atom -valence electrons: electrons in valence shells-if valence shell of atom doesn’t contain the max. # of electrons, atom is unstable -- chemically reactiveChemically-Inert & Chemically-Reactive Elements-inert elements: atoms w/their valence shells complete (have max. # of electrons) & therefore, chemically inert/unreactive-noble gases-chemically-reactive elements: atoms w/incomplete valence shells & are therefore, unstable/reactive-achieve stability by forming chemical bonds w/other atoms using their valence electrons -- formation of molecules & compounds-molecule: typically involves the same atoms-compounds: typically involves different atoms3 Types of Chemical Bonds-covalent bonds: electrons are shared between atoms to attain stability-nonpolar covalent bond: electrons shared equally b/t atoms involved -ex: CO2-polar covalent bond: electrons shared unequally-ex: H2O-electronegative
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