Human BodyWednesday, August 29, 201212:43 PMHuman - Homo sapiens (spinal cord)Family Hominidae - Man & Closest cousins Genus Homo - Man, Extinct predecessors (Homo erectus & Neanderthals) Anatomy - The study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each otherSubdivisions:Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy - Large body parts (naked eye)Regional Anatomy - Specific region of bodySystematic Anatomy - Structure of body by systemsMicroscopic Anatomy - Small structures cannot see w/ naked eyeCytology - cellsHistology - tissuesDevelopmental Anatomy -structural changes (ex. Growth) Superior-upwards/Inferior-downwardsVentral(anterior)-toward front of body/Dorsal(posterior)-towards back of bodyMedial-towards midline of body/Lateral-away from midlineIntermediate-between medial and lateral structureProximal-closer to the limb joint/Distal-away from limb joint Superficial(external)-towards body surface/Deep(internal)-away from body surface Frontal Plane (vertical along body) - A vertical cut that divides anterior & posterior Median/Midsaggital (vertical through) - A vertical cut that divides right and left parts Transverse Plane (horizontal) - A horizontal cut that divides superior and posterior Anatomical Position: Body erect, feet slightly apart/ palms face forward, thumbs away from body Body Cavities:Dorsal body cavity-cranial cavity(brain)-vertebral cavity (spine)Ventral body cavity-thoracic cavity - heart &lungs-abdominopelvic cavity -abdominal cavity (digestive) & pelvic cavity (bladder/reproductive) Human Body -Limbs-Trunk Internal organs Viscera located in the truck (includes head)Dorsal body cavity - Observed w/ a sagittal cut -Superior cranial cavity - brain-Inferior spinal cavity - spinal cordBrain & spinal cord are surrounded by membranes called Meninges (compartmentalization)Ventral body cavity (largest) - Observed in frontal (coronal) cutSeparated by the diaphragm:-Superior Thoracic cavity-Inferior Abdomino-pelvic cavityOrgans in ventral cavity surround by membranes called Serous (compartmentalization)Advantages to compartmentalization:-Isolate organs - Membranes protect spread of infection between cavities-Protection against trauma-Protection against infection (prevents spread from one organ to the other in the same body cavityHeart - Parietal pericardium, Pericardial space w/ pericardial fluid (acts like water balloon protectionPhysiology - Study of the function of the body parts-Systematic physiology - study of functions of body systems-11 organ systems in human body (Work together to sustain Homeostasis)-Structure defines function Levels Structural Organization:1. Chemical Level - molecules --> Physiology2. Cellular Level - cells made up of molecules3. Tissue Level - tissues made up of cells4. Organ Level -organs made from tissues5. Organ System Level - organ system from multiple organs6. Organismal Level - 11 organ
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