Jenna StraussBSCI 201 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYEXAM 2 REVIEW SHEETEPITHELIAL TISSUE 1. The two main types of epithelial tissues are:*Membranous tissues, which are covering and the lining epithelia; and the two types of this are simple epithelia and stratified epithelia. *Glandular epithelia. Which forms the glands that secret products in the body2. "Respiratory epithelium" is also known as the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. It is a single layer of cells, with different heights, and the nuclei is seen at different levels but all the cells touch the baseline membrane. It is used for secretion (of mucus), and propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Non-ciliated type is in male’s sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands. And the Ciliatedtype (plus mucus- secreting goblet cells) variety lines the trachea, and most of the upper respiratory tract. 3. Simple Squamous Epithelium is a single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm (the simplest form of epithelia). IT allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is less important; and secretes lubricating substances in serosae. When it is located in the lymphatic vessels, we call it endothelium, but when it is the lining of the vertical body cavity (serosae) we call it mesothelium. 4. The 2 main types of glandular epithelia are:Endocrine glands- secretes their products (hormones) directly into extracellular fluid.Exocrine glands- secrete their product onto body’s surface5. There are 2 subtypes of exocrine glands- Unicellular and Multicellular.*Unicellular glands- are the only one is goblet cells, scattered in the membranous epithelia and secrete mucin (mucin+ water= mucus)Multicellular glands-, which have two parts: structure of the duct system and the secretory portion6. The Duct System has simple and compound multicellular exocrine glands. *Simple glands have unbranched ducts: like simple tubular and simple branched tubular (ex. Intestinal glands/gastric glands), then simple alveolar (ex, not in human), and simple branched alveolar (ex. Sebaceous oil glands)*Compound glands have branched ducts: like compound tubular (ex. Duodenal glands of small intestines), compound alveolar (ex. Mammary glands), and compound tuboalveolar (ex. Salivary glands).7. Multicellular exocrine glands include Tubular (forms tubes), alveolar (also called Acinar and forms flask like sacs) and tubuloalveolar (forms both tubes and flask like sacs).8. Muticellular Exocrine Glands have a functional classification, which is the mode of secretion which can be:*Apocrine- apex of the secretory cell pinches off to release accumulated products.*merocrine- the secretory cells undergo exocytosis to release products*holocrine mode of secretion- the secretory cell ruptures to release its accumulated products.CONNECTIVE TISSUE1. They all have a common origin – all connective tissues are derived from the embryonic tissue called MESENCHYME2. They exhibit a degree of vascularity – from being avascular to poorly vascular to highly vascular3. Composed of 2 parts: Nonliving portion and the living portion(i) Nonliving portion = Extracellular matrix = Ground substance and the fibersGround substance composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans•Fibers – 3 types:• Collagen fibers = “white” fibers• Elastic fibers = “yellow” fibers• Reticular fibers(ii) Living portion = Cells that are derived from mesenchyme and they produce the connective tissueFibroblasts – produce connective tissue propeeChondroblasts = produce cartilageOsteoblasts = produce bone tissuehematopoietic stem cell = produce blood cellsElastic Connective Tissue: •Dense regular CT with high content of Elastic fibers.•Function: Exhibit the stretch-recoil propertie•Location: Ligamenta flava which connect adjacent vertebrae. Cartiilage: produced by chondoblasts, and has a semi- sold ground substance:1. Hyaline cartilage- embryonic cartilage, epiphyseal plates, articular cartilage, costal cartilage2. Elastic cartilage- epiglottis, pinna3. Fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisciBone (osseous) Tissue: Living portion = Osteoblasts - produce bone tissue, solid matrix. Nonliving portio= extracellular matrix with:Organic matrix = osteoid – ground substance + fibersInorganic matrix = hydroxyapatites= calcium phosphate crystalsThe Nervous Tissue: : Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cells. They Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptorsand to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity. And located on thebrain, spinal cord, and nerves. There is the cell body of a neuron, and the neuron processes, and the nuclei of supporting cells, and the nuclei in the cell body.MUSCLE TISSUES*Skeletal Muscle- is Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. They have Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control. And located in the : In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin. It has nuclei and part of the muscle fiber.*Cardiac Muscle- is : Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs). And as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation with involuntary control and is located on the walls of the heart.*smooth muscle- is Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arrangedclosely to form sheets. It Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) alonginternal passageway. involuntary control. And located in the walls of hollow organs. It has nuclei. Membranes as Simple Organs:•Cutaneous membrane = Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium/areolar and dense irregular connective tissue•Mucous membrane = Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium /areolar CT or Simple columnar epithelium / areolar CTThe areolar CT in mucous membrane is specifically referred to as LAMINA PROPRIA•Serous membrane = Simple squamous epithelium/areolar CT simple squamous epithelium in serous membrane is specifically referred to as the MESOTHELIUM•Synovial membrane =dense irregular CT/areolar CTThe Integumentary system:1. Stata of the Epidermis:a. Statum Basale- deepest stratum; •A single layer of cells
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