BSCI201 Notes:STUDY SUCCESS: OBSERVATION, MANIPULATION, MASTERY OF ANATOMICAL TERMSChapter 1:Anatomy: the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another.Regional Anatomy: study of all structures in a particular region of the body.Systemic Anatomy: body structure is studied system by system.Surface Anatomy: the study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface.Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy: the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye. Example: heart, kidney, lungs.Microscopic Anatomy: deals with structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.Cytology: considers the cells of the bodyHistology: the study of tissuesDevelopmental Anatomy: traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout a lifespan.Embryology: developmental changes that occur before birth.Pathological Anatomy: studies structural changes caused by disease.Radiographic Anatomy: studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.Physiology: concerns the function of the body, how the parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities. It is focused on events at the cellular or molecular level. Biochemical reactions determine function in the body—THEREFORE IT DETERMINES PHYSIOLOGY*****What determines biochemical reactions? Atoms, stability by having a complete outermost valenceshells, reactive elements have space in their valence orbitals, unreactive elements have a full valence shellSystemic Physiology: study of the function of the systems of the body, all 11 organ systems in the body work in unison to sustain the human body homeostasisRenal Physiology: concerns kidney function and urine production.Neurophysiology: explains the workings of the nervous system.Cardiovascular Physiology: examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.Principle of Complementarily of Structure and Function: anatomy and physiology are studied together because function reflects structure, or in other words, structure defines function.Levels of Structural Organization:Chemical Level: the level regarding atoms where the tiny building blocks of matter combine to form molecules.Cellular Level: cells of different size and shape which reflect their unique functions in the body.Tissue Level: groups of similar cells that have a common function. 4 Types of Tissues:Epithelium: covers the body surface and lines its cavities.Muscle: provides movementConnective: tissue that supports and protects body organs.Nervous Tissue: provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.Organ Level: organs and extremely complex functions become possible.Organ System Level: organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.Organismal Level: represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.Example: atomsmoleculeorganelle smooth muscle cell (cellular level) smooth muscle tissue (tissue level) blood vessel (organ/ organ level) organ system levelOrganismal levelNecessarily Life Functions: Maintaining Boundaries: maintaining a distinct boundary between the internal and external surroundings. The skin is the boundary for the body.Movement: includes the activities promoted by the muscular system such as propelling ourselves from one place to another or manipulating the external environment. Substances can also be moved through internal organsContractility: the muscle cells ability to move by shortening.Responsiveness (Excitability): the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them. Nerve cells are highly excitable and communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses, the nervous system is most involved with responsiveness.Digestion: the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood which is then distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system.Metabolism: includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells by breaking down substances (catabolism) or synthesizing larger molecules (anabolism) and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. It depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute them throughout the body. It is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands.Excretion: the process of removing wastes (non-useful) from the body that is produced during digestion and metabolism. Reproduction: occurs at the cellular and Organismal level. The reproductive system is responsible for producing offspringbut its function is regulated by the hormones of the endocrine system. Growth: an increase in size of a body part of the organism as a whole which is accomplished by increasing the number ofcells. For growth to occur, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones.Survival Needs:Nutrients: contain chemical substances used for energy and cell building. Carbohydrates are the major energy fuel for body cells. Proteins and to a lesser extent fats are essential for buildingcell structures. Fats are also a reserve of energy rich fuel. Selected minerals and vitamins are required for the chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in the blood. Calcium is used to help make bones and is required for blood clotting.Oxygen: the cooperative efforts of the respiratory and cardiovascular system make oxygen available to the blood and body cells.Water: 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body which provides a watery environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions.Normal Body Temperature: (37 C or 98.6F) is ideal for metabolic rates to work optimally. Anything higher or lower causes rates to slow down or not operate effectively or proteins can lose their shape and stop functioning which can cause death. The muscular system generates most of the body heat.Atmospheric Pressure: the force that the air exerts on the surface of the body. Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure and changes at different altitudes.Organ Systems: 11 systems work together in unison to result in homeostasis, homeostatic imbalance disease Homeostasis: the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. The term describes a state of
View Full Document
Unlocking...