BSCI 201 Review Sheet - Final ExamFINAL EXAM – THURSDAY, MAY 16th 2013 FROM 8AM – 10AM IN 1101 BRB (IN THE LECTURE HALL)The Nervous System: CNS and PNS 1. Define the following: a. Nissl body : specialized ER; protein synthesisb. Neurofilaments : intermediate filaments; provide tensile strengthc. Ganglia : bundles of neuron cell bodies in the PNSd. Nuclei : bundles of neuron cell bodies in the CNSe. Tract : cluster of axons in the CNSf. Nerve : cluster of axons in the PNSg. Axonal terminals : end of axons; form synapses; stores neurotransmittersh. Neurilemma : external surface of schwann cells; houses nucleus and cytoplasmi. Nodes of Ranvier : gaps in the myelin sheathj. Endoneurium : delicate CT; surrounds neuron fibers (axons) k. Perineurium : coarse CT; surrounds bundles of neuron fibers forming fascicles l. Epineurium : tough CT; surrounds bundles of fascicles 2. Which part of a neuron is known as the: a. Biosynthetic center : cell bodyb. Receptive center : dendrites3. Name and describe the function of all 6 types of supporting cellsa. CNSi. Microglia : defensive cells; act as phagocytesii. Astrocytes : control chemical environment surrounding neuroniii. Oligodendrocytes : myelinate extensions of the axoniv. Ependymal cells : circulate cerebrospinal fluidb. PNSi. Schwann cells : myelinate extensions of axonsii. Satellite cells : surround cell body 4. Explain why myelinated axons in the CNS do not regenerate when severed. a. No debridementi. Microglia cannot efficiently clean up damaged areab. No Neurilemmai. No regeneration tubec. Growth-inhibiting proteini. Inhibits regeneration5. Explain why impulses are conducted faster in a larger myelinated axon than in a smaller unmyelinated axon.a. Larger diameter and myelinated axons increase the rate of impulse transmission because there is more conductivity and because the conduction is salutatory 6. Describe the a. Depolarization phase of an action potentiali. Na+ enters the cellb. Repolarization phase of an action potentiali. K+ enters the cell 7. What are the absolute and relative refractory periods in an action potential?a. Absolute: in depolarization phase; neuron cannot conduct another action potentialb. Relative: in repolarization phase; neuron can conduct another action potential is the given a strong stimulus8. Name and describe the 3 structural classes of neurons a. Unipolar i. Single processii. Ganglion cellsiii. Afferent b. Bipolar i. Two processesii. Ear, eyec. Multipolar i. Many processesii. Motor neuronsiii. Pyramidal cells9. Name and describe the 3 functional classes of neurons a. Sensory (afferent) i. Unipolarii. Carries current towards CNS from skin, sensory organsb. Motor (efferent) i. Multipolarii. Carries current away from CNS to organs, muscles, glandsc. Interneurons i. Conducts impulses within CNS10. Name and describe the 3 categories (types) of nerve fibers – which type has the fastest conduction velocity and why?a. Group A i. Largest diameterii. Heavily myelinatediii. Motor neuronsiv. Fastest impulse transmissionb. Group B i. Medium diameterii. Medium impulse transmissioniii. Preganglionic autonomic fibersiv. Medium myelinatedc. Group C i. Smallest diameterii. Un-myelinatediii. Postganglionic autonomic fibersiv. Slow impulse transmission The Brain1. Name the 3 structures protecting the brain.a. Craniumb. Meningesc. Cerebrospinal fluid2. Name and describe the 3 meninges.a. Dura Mater i. Outer-most layerii. Periosteal layer1. Attached to boneiii. Meningeal layer1. Projects into fissures b. Arachnoid Mater i. Middle layerii. Delicate layerc. Pia Mater i. Deepest layerii. Thin layeriii. Helps nourish brain and spinal cord3. Give the function of the CSF.a. Cushions the brainb. Provides nutrients and buoyancy to the brainc. Removes metabolic wastes4. Define the following: a. Septum pellucidum: i. Connects lateral ventricles togetherb. Interventricular foramen: i. Connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventriclec. Cerebral aqueduct: i. Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles5. Give the locations of:a. Lateral ventricle: i. Cerebral hemispheresb. Third ventricle: i. Diencephalon c. Fourth ventricle: i. Brainstem 6. Name the supporting cells that lined the ventricles.7. Name the 4 regions of the adult brain.a. Cerebrumb. Cerebellumc. Brainstemd. Diencephalon8. Cerebrum - define: a. Gyrus : elevated ridges on surface of cerebrumb. Sulcus : shallow grooves c. Fissure : deeper groovesd. Corpus callosum : commissural tract; holds right and left hemispheres togethere. Gray matter : unmyelinated structures of neurons; conscious thoughtf. White matter : myelinated tracts that send impulses to and from the cortexg. Commissural tracts : connects corresponding areas in cerebral hemispheres; corpus callosum h. Projection tracts : connects cerebrum to lower part of brain and spinal cord;pyramidal tractsi. Association tracts : connects areas within the same hemisphere; arcuate fasciculate 9. What type of tracts are a. Corpus callosum : commissural b. Arcuate fasciculate : associationc. Pyramidal tracts : projection10. Name the 5 lobes in a cerebral hemisphere. Which lobe cannot be viewed on the external surface of the cerebral hemisphere?a. Frontalb. Parietalc. Occipitald. Temporale. Insula cannot be viewed from the surface11. Name the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex.a. Motor i. Controls voluntary skeletal movementii. Frontal lobeb. Sensory i. Conscious awareness of sensationc. Association i. Integrate and interpret sensory impulses from sensory areas12. Name the 3 types of tracts in the cerebral white matter. The corpus callosum is considered to be an example of which type of tract?a. Commissural i. Corpus callosumii. Connects corresponding areas of the cerebral hemispheresb. Projection i. Connects the cerebrum to lower parts of the brain and spinal cordii. Pyramidal tractsiii. Corticospinal tractsc. Association i. Connects parts of the same hemisphereii. Arcuate fasciculate 13. Name the 3 main cerebral basal nuclei.a. Caudateb. Putamenc. Globus pallidus14. Define: a. Lentiform nucleus: i. Putamen + globus pallidusb. Corpus striatum: i. Lentiform nucleus + caudate15. What causes Parkinson’s disease?16. What is the consequence if:a. The precentral gyrus in the left cerebral hemisphere is destroyed. i. Stroke in the right side of the bodyb. The postcentral gyrus in the right
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