TaxanomyAnimalia- man is part of the animal kingdom; the top groupingPhylum Chordata- this phylum consists of animals with spinal cordsClass Mannalia- man is a mammal, a warm-blooded animal who bears its young liveOrder Primates- this order includes humans and all apes, monkeys, gorillas, etcFamily Hominidae- the hominids include man and his closet cousins, chimps, and gorillasGenus Homo- the family of man, including our extinct predecessors, homo erectus and the neanderthalsSpecies sapiens- you and meAnatomyAnatomy- study of the structures of the body and how they relate to one anotherTopics of Anatomy:Gross or macroscopic anatomy- study of large body structures visible to the naked eyeSystemic anatomy- body structures studied system by systemSurface anatomy- study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surfaceMicroscopic anatomy- study of very small structures examined under the microscopeComparative anatomy- human structures compared to structures of other animalsMastery of Anatomy1. Observation2. Manipulation3. Mastery of anatomical terminology/languageThe Human Body: An OrientationThe body in an anatomical position:Body erectFeet slightly apartPalms face forwardThumbs point away from the bodyPhysiologyPhysiology- study of the function of the body’s partsSystemic physiology- study of the function of the systems of the bodyCardiovascular physiologyRenal physiologyNeurophysiologyPrinciple of complementarity of structure and function—“structure defines function”Levels of Structural Organization:6 Levels—From the lowest level to the highest level1. Chemical level- atoms combine to form molecules2. Cellular level- cells are made up of molecules3. Tissue level- tissues consist of similar types of cells4. Organ level- organs are made up of different types of tissue5. Organ system level- organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely6. Organismal level- the human organism is made up of many organ systems11 Organ Systems in the Human BodyIntegumentary System- hair, skin, nailsSkeletal System- joint, bonesMuscular System- smooth,Nervous System- brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nervesEndocrine System- pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testisCardiovascular SystemLymphatic SystemRespiratory SystemDigestive SystemUrinary SystemReproductive System(Covered in BSCI201)HomeostasisAll eleven organ systems work in unison to maintain homeostasis—maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changingHomeostasis imbalances=diseasesLanguage of AnatomyOrientation and directional termsRegional termsBody planes and sectionsBody Planes and SectionsFrontal plane (Coronal plane)- a vertical cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior partsSagittal plane- a vertical cut that divides the body into right and left parts; midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left partsTransverse plane (Cross-section)- a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior partsTwo Body Cavities and Membranes1. Dorsal Body cavity- consists of the:Cranial cavity- houses the brainVertebral (spinal) cavity- houses the spinal cordMembranes called meninges surround structures located in the body cavity2. Ventral Body cavity- consists of the:Thoracic cavity- houses the lungs and the heartAbdominopelvic cavity- houses organs of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systemsThe thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by a skeletal muscle called the diaphragmMembrane called the serous membrane surround structures in the ventral body cavityComposition of MatterMatter- anything that occupies space and has massMatter is composed of elementsEach element is composed of identical atomsAtoms are therefore known as the building blocksThere are 112 elements—most of the body’s weight is made up of four major elements—carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogenLowest level of structural complexity in the human bodyChemical levelElements in the Human BodyOxygen (65%)Carbon (18%)Hydrogen (10%)Nitrogen (3%)The Structure of an AtomEach atom is composed of 3 subatomic particles:1. Protons- positively-charged subatomic particles located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleus; number of protons in an atom is specifically referred to as the atomic number2. Neutrons- uncharged subatomic particles located inside the atomic nucleusTherefore, the overall charge of the atomic nucleus is positive3. Electrons- negatively-charged subatomic particles located in orbits/shells surrounding the atomic nucleusIn an atom, the number of protons=the number of electrons; therefore, the overall charge of an atom is zero—an atom is electrically neutralAtomic Orbits/ShellsElectrons are located/arranged in the orbit/shells in a specific mannerFirst shell (closest to the atomic nucleus)- can accommodate a maximum of 2 electronsSecond shell- can accommodate a maximum of 8 electronsThird shell- can accommodate a maximum of 18 electrons however, the atom is stable with 8 electrons (“The Octotet Rule”)The outermost shell in an atom is called the valence shell and the electrons located in the valence shells are called valence electronsIf the valence shell of an atom does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is unstable, and therefore chemical reactiveChemically-Inert and Chemically-reactive ElementsInert elements- atoms with their valence shells complete (have the maximum number of electron) and therefore chemically inert, unreactiveNoble gases are chemically inertChemically-reactive elements- atoms in the elements have incomplete valence shells and are therefore unstable and they are chemically reactiveSuch chemically reactive atoms achieve stability by forming chemical bonds with other atoms using their valence electrons—result in the formation of molecules and compoundsMolecule- typically involves the same atomsCompounds- typically involves different atomsThree Types of Chemical BondsCovalent bonds- electrons are shared between atoms to attain stability; 2 types of covalent bonds: nonpolar and polarNonpolar covalent bond- electrons are shared equally between the atoms involvedEx. H2O (water molecule)Polar covalent bond- unequal sharing of electrons—one atom pulls the shared electrons close to itself and such an atom is referred to as an electropositive atom; the other atom is referred to as an electronegative atomEx. CO2
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