Exam One Study GuideIntroduction:A. What is anatomy? What is physiology?Anatomy: the study of the function of parts of the human bodyPhysiology: the study of structure in the human bodyB. Anatomical position – 4 characteristics1. Palms facing out2. Body erect3. Feet apart4. Thumbs point away from bodyC. Planes/DissectionsFrontali. Vertical cut, seperates the body into front and backTransversei. Horizontal cut, divides body into top & bottomSagittali. Vertical cut, divides body into left and right regionsD. CavitiesVentral. 2 subdivisions.i. Thorasic regionii. Abdominopelvic regionDorsal. 2 subdivisions.i. Vertebral regionii. Cranial regionCompartmentalizationi. Idea of organs having separate compartments in the body cavity, each organ surrounded and protected by fluid layers. Structure is outer wall, some medium’s (air) space, inner wayE. Levels of structural organization (6)ChemicalCellularTissuesOrganOrgan systemOrganismF. HomeostasisA state when the body is stable and all organs systems are healthy and working properly regarless of outside enviornmentNegative feedbacki. Way body reacts when environment changes as to maintain homeostasis, works in a constant loop: stimulus, receptor sensor, control center, effector,Imbalance? Disease statei. When homeostasis cannot be maintained we get sickChapter 2: Chemical Level (lowest level)A. Structure of an atoma. Protons: positively charged- ATOMIC #b. Neutrons: neutralc. Electrons: negativei. OrbitalsB. Regions around the nucleus which electrons can be, 2e- first orbital, up to 8e- in all following orbitalsii. Valence shell and stabilityB. Valence shell is outermost shell or orbital, can be partically “filled” or “full” of e-, a full valence shell is most stable and non reactive, a partially filled valence shell is unstable and reactiveB. 3 types of chemical bondsCovalent – Polar and Non-polar- SHARE electrons between 2 atoms to make stable atoms with full octets, POLAR-shared EQUALLY, nonpolar-shared UNEQUALLYIonic bonds – Cation and Anion-GIVE electrons away to stronger atom, CATION= positive (+), anion = negative(-)Hydrogen bonds – Weakest- bonds between water molecules, polar covalent, weak bond, gives water its unique propertiesC. Water – Polar covalent (equal sharing) moleculeUniversal solventHigh heat capacityHigh heat of vaporizationFor cushioningD. Acids and Basesa. Higher the pH the lower the H+, lower the H+ the higher the pHb. Acids: substances that RELEASE H+i. pH = Negative log [H+]ii. Blood pH 7.35-7.45c. Bases- substances that ACCEPT H+d. Buffersi. Example- bloodii. Resist abrupt change in pH by binding or releasing H+ ionsOrganic Compounds – Covalently bonded CarbonE. Carbohydratesa. Monosaccharidei. Hexose - glucose, fructose, galactoseii. Pentose- deoxyribose, riboseb. Disaccharidesi. Maltose (grain sugar)- glucose and glucoseii. Sucrose (table sugar)- glucose and fructoseiii. Lactose (milk sugar)- glucose and galactose1. Lactose intolerance?c. Polysacchardiesi. Storage form of glucose1. starch in plant cells2. GLYCOGEN in animal cellsF. Lipidsa. Hydrophobic, insoluble in waterb. Fatty Acids1. Saturated and unsaturateda. unsaturated=double carbon bond or more, liquid at room temp, plant source=olive oilb. saturated= single covalent bonds among carbons, solid at room temp, animal source=butterc. Lipoproteinsa. vLDLb. LDL – Bad. Why? Sticks to walls of arteries, can clog upc. HDL- Good. Why? Carries LDL away from artery walls2. Need cholesterol – 2 functionsa. Production of hormonesb. Structural part of cellsc. Digestiond. Phospholipidsi. Polar heads, Non-polar tailse. Steroids: derived from cholesterolf. Eicosanoids-derived from arachidonic acidsG. Proteinsa. Amino acids – Essential and Non-essentiali. Essential- ingested in the dietii. Synthesized in the bodyb. Amphoteric – Why?i. Can act as both an acid and a basec. 4 structure levelsi. primary structure- linear polypeptide chain indicates type & position of amino acidsii. secondary structure: 2 types, alpha helix and beta pleated sheetiii. tertiary structure- more folding creates 3D globular moleculeiv. quaternary structure: 2+ polypeptide chains held together by disulfide bondd. 2 Classes of Proteinsi. Fibrous proteins- insoluble in water, STRUCTURAL, extended strand like shapeii. Globular Proteins- soluble in water, (sensitive to temp and pH), FUNCTIONAL, compact ball like shapeH. Nucleic Acidsa. RNA- single strand, AGCU, nucleus & cytoplasmb. DNA- double helix, AGCT, nucleusCellular Level3 main parts of celli. plasma membrane1. lipid bilayer2. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL3. Cholesterol- structure4. 2 types of plasma membrane proteins – Purposes?a. Integral proteinsi. TRANSMEMBRANE proteinsii. Let things in and out of cellb. Peripheral proteinsi. Act as receptors, on outside of membrane5. GLYCOCALYXa. Protectsb. Immunity against diseasec. Defense against cancerd. Transplant compatibilitye. Cell adhesion6. 3 Membrane Junctions – Nicknames? Where in body?a. Tight junction-integral proteins in adjacent cells fuse together creating an impermeable junction, most common in body, ex: epidermis, blood/brain barrierb. Desmosome-linker proteins on membrane surface connect and create a hold known as anchoring junction, ex: cardiac musclec. Gap junction-formed by hollow cylinders called connexons allowing for rapid lateral transfer of ions btwn. cells, aka communicating junction, ex: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle7. MEMBRANE TRANSPORTa. Passive process (NO energy)Simple diffusion- substances move down concentration gradientFacilitated diffusion – substances moved down concentration gradient facilitated by integral proteins, specificity and saturation exhibited because of ion channelsOsmosis- diffusion of water low solute to high soluteFiltration-movement of substance from area of high pressure to low presureb. Active Processes (energy required)Active transport – movement of ions against the concentration gradient, mediated by integral proteins/ion channels, aka solute pumping, exhibits specificity and saturation, ex: sodium/potassium pumpVesicular transport1. Exocytosis- moving substance out of cell2. endocytosisi. phagocytosis- movement of particles from outside the cell to inside the cell to be digested and destroyed, part of immune systemii. pinocystosis- movement of particles into the cells by enclosing particles in vesiclesiii. receptor-mediated endocytosis – bringing substances into cell based on specific receptors, exhibits specificity
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