Exam 2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ONLYAnatomy and Physiology 2O’Brien Multiple ChoiceAll of the following are components of the respiratory system EXCEPT:a. noseb. thyroidc. trachead. bronchie. alveoliA person can exhale large quantities of CO2, yet has difficulty-inhaling O2. This person most likely has:A. hypertensionB. emphysemaC. tuberculosisD. IRVNormal breathing moves about _____________ mL of air per breath.a. 100b. 250c. 500d. 700The total amount of exchangeable air is referred to as the:a. respiratory volumeb. thoracic cavity volumec. tidal volumed. dead space volumeIn inspiration the pressure in the lungs is:a. greater than atmospheric pressureb. less then atmospheric pressurec. the same as atmospheric pressured. has noting to do with atmospheric pressure. Gas consumption of air is about:a. 45% nitrogen, 55% Oxygenb. 58% Nitrogen, 42% Oxygenc. 79% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygend. 12% Nitrogen, 88% OxygenIf your heart rate is down while your breathing rate is high…a. You are most likely an athleteb. You are hyperventilatingc. Your body is not responding the correct wayd. None of the abovee. A and B onlyTrue False________ The upper airway is composed of the conducting zone and respiratory zone. ________ There is a lot of branching in the respiratory system in order to increase surface area. ________ flagella cells work to cleanse air by coughing. ________Olfactory receptors are located on the mucosa inferior surface.________ Respiratory mucosa helps trap incoming foreign particles. ________severed palates separating the nasal and oral cavity could lead to not being able to smell. ________a person is given a week supply of antibiotics for a sinus infection. ________The thyroid cartilage is the smallest of the hyaline cartilages.________ The epiglottis forms the Adam’s Apple.________the trachea is a 2-foot long tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi. ________ Walls are reinforced with D shaped hyaline cartilage. ________The trachea expels mucous loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs.________ The lungs occupy less then half of the thoracic cavity. ________The Apex of the heat is near the sternum. ________ The base of the heart rests on the diaphragm.________The right lung has two lobes and the left lung has three. ________The pleural fluid provides gliding to stop friction.________ All passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls. ________capillaries need to be connected by pores. ________ Diffusion from alveoli and blood is slow paced. ________The membrane of the alveoli must be dry for exchange to occur. ________Thick epithelial layers line the alveolar walls. ________ Lung compliance normal value is .3L/cm H20.________ Elasticity of the lungs is an active process.________ When the surface tension of the lungs is greater this means that they are lesscompliant.________ Residual volume is also referred to as the dead space volume. ________ Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which use gas to make the area inside the lungs higher pressure then outside. ________ Changes in volume directly relate to pressure affects. ________ Atmospheric pressure changes based on the elevation you are at. ________During inspiration the curve is higher then atmospheric pressure. ________contraction of inspiratory muscles create greater and faster decrease in volume of the thoracic cavity. ________ Expiration has a smaller volume and higher pressure. ________The pressure of the pleural sac is higher then the lungs at all times. ________ Atmospheric pressure increases as altitude increases. ________partial pressure of gasses is inversely related. ________Partial pressure of gas depends on the fractional concentration of gasses.________Intrapleural pressure needs to be less than the atmospheric pressure in order to pull open the pleural sacs. ________ Intrapleural pressure is always positive under normal conditions.________ The partial pressure of gas does not affect the amount of gas that goes into a solution.________ External respiration includes the lungs. ________In gas mixtures, gas diffuses down partial pressure gradients from areas of high concentration to low. ________ Concentration of gasses changes at tissues. CO2 goes down and O2 goes up. ________ Oxygen is extremely soluble in plasma.________ 197mL of ventricular blood is transported by Hb. ________ the Level of CO2 in the lungs is low when you exhale. ________Carbon dioxide has the same binding sites on Hb than those of oxygen when carried by RBCs. ________For carbon to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli it must be released from its bicarbonate form. ________ Concentration is only one of the factors, which changes the reaction of Carbonic Anhydrase. ________ The higher the CO2 concentration the lower the pH. ________Leukocytes can convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate, which is a reversible action. ________ more acid make the pH higher. ________ The normal blood pH can rage from 7.22- 7.49.________ Small changes in pH don’t have a large affect on physiological occurrences. ________ Blood pH greater then 7.35 causes CNS depression and alkalosis. ________ The HCO3- to CO2 ratio is 20 to 1. ________ Hyperventilation causes Apnea. ________The pressure gradient needed for airflow is about .5mm Hg.________ The pressure gradient needed for airflow in bronchoconstriction is less then 1 mm Hg.________Contractile constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle is extrinsic. ________ Oxygen leads to bronchodilation.________COPD stands for chronic oxidative phosphorylation disease. ________ Mucous in the lower passageways causes COPD. ________Most COPD victims are hypoxic, retain CO2 and have respiratory alkalosis. ________COPD can lead to respiratory failure. ________ Lungs are fully inflated at birth. ________ In fetal hemoglobin, alpha is replaced with a gamma subunit. ________ Deoxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for CO2. ________ Oxygen increase the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide. ________ High pH increases the activation of oxygen in the Bohr effect. ________Metabolic rate decreases temperature. ________ Increase in temperature allows for better Hb affinity to O2. ________ Decrease affinity increases oxygen unloading in tissue. ________ Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than carbon monoxide. ________ Carbon Monoxide has a very low solubility in plasma. ________ It is very easy for CO to cross though a membrane barrier ________Chemoreceptors detect blood levels of O2 and CO2. ________If
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