Practical 2 Review Sheet * = part not visible on mostmodels/figuresLab 3 – Integumentary System Skin StructurePg. 70 figure 6.1 - Epidermis- Dermiso Papillary layer (dermalpapillae)o Reticular layero Nervous structures!- Hypodermis- Pore- Dermal papillae- Hair shaft - Hair root- Hair follicle - Eccrine sweat gland- Pacinian corpuscle- Arrector pili muscle- Sebaceous (oil) gland- Meissner’s corpuscle- Adipose tissueEpidermis- Stratum corneum- Strutum lucidum*- Stratum granulosum- Stratum spinosum- Stratum basaleAccessory structures of the skin: (all derivatives of the epidermis, but reside in the dermis)Sweat glands: exocrine glands secrete subtances through pores; categorized by their secretions:- Eccrine sweat glands (merocrine): produce clear perspiration consisting of primarily water, salts, and urea. Regulation of heat; they secrete perspiration when external or body temperature is too high (when water evaporates it carries excess body heat with it)- Apocrine sweat glands: found predominantly in axillary and genital areas, they secrete a milky protein-and fat-rich substance (also containing water, salts, and urea). It is a good nutrient for microorganisms living on skin, and also contributes to pheromone-producing scent of animals.- Ceruminous glands: specialized sudoriferous (sweat) glands located in external auditory canal; they produce cerumen (ear wax)- Mammary gland: located in womans breast and secretes milk for offspringSebaceous glands: found all over the skin except for palms and solesof feet. Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle, but someopen directly on the skin surface. Produces sebum to keep skin softand moist and keeps hair from becoming brittle. Very activeduring puberty.Nails- Free edge: the portion of the nail that grows out away from body- Body: the visible attached portion- Lunule: proximal region of the thickened nail matrix, whichappears as a white crescent- Eponychium: the thick proximal nail fold commonly called acuticle- Hyponychium: underneath portion of the free edge of the nail- Lateral nail fold: skin folds that overlap the lateral borders of thenail- Proximal nail fold: skin folds that overlap the proximal border ofthe nail (next to cuticle)- Nail bed: extension of the stratum basale beneath nail- Root of nail: the part that is embedded in the skin and adheres toan epithelial nail bed- Nail matrix: the thickened proximal part of nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth. As the matrix produces the nail cells, they become heavily keratinized and die (non-living).Hair: structure consisting of a medulla, acentral region surrounded first by thecortex and then cuticle - Hair root: portion of the hair enclosedwithin the follicle- Cuticle:- Cortex- Hair matrix- Hair medulla- Hair papilla: a small nipple of dermaltissue that protrudes into the hair bulbfrom the connective tissue sheath andprovides nutrition to the growing hair- Melanocyte- Subcutaneous adipose tissueLab 3 - Skeletal System: Bone StructureCartilage - Hyaline: (F) resists compressive stress (L) cartilage of the nose - Elastic: (F) maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibility (L) external ear (pinna)/ epiglottis- Fibrocartilage: (F) tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock (L) intervertebral discs2 major divisions of the skeleton- Axialo Skullo Auditory ossicleso Hyoid boneo Vertebral columno Bony thorax (ribs, sternum)o Sacrum & coccyx- Appendicularo Pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)o Upper extremities (Humerus, radius,ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges)o Pelvic girdle (2 coxal bones)o Lower extremities (femur, tibia, fibula,patella, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges)2 types of osseous tissue found in bones- Spongy bone: composed of small trabeculae(bars) of bone and lots of open space- Compact bone: smooth and homogeneous4 major classes of bones- Long: bones longer than they are wide (femur and phalanges), generally have shaft with heads at ends- Short: cube shaped and contain more spongy bone than compact bone (tarsals and carpals)- Flat: thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone (bones of skull)- Irregular: bones that do not fall into the above categories (vertebrae) Gross Anatomy of Long Bones- Epiphysis (proximal - distal)- Diaphysis: shaft- Spongy bone- Compact bone- Articular cartilage- Epiphyseal line- Periosteum- Medullary cavity- Endosteum- Yellow bone marrow- Sharpey’s fibers Microscopic Structure- Osteon (haversian system): a centralcanal and all the concentric lamellaesurroung it- Lamellae: concentric circles aroundcentral canal- Central (Haversian) canal: carriesblood vessels , nerves, lymph vessels- Volkmann’s canal: run into compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum, complete the communication pathway between bone interior and external surface- Osteocyte in lacuna: mature bone cells- Lacunae: chambers- Perforating (sharpey’s) fibers: fibers of the periosteum penetrating into the bone- Periosteum: fibrous membrane coveringthe external surface of the bone- Endosteum: lining of the inside of themedullary cavity, bony canals, andtrabeculae- Canaliculi: tiny canals radiating outwardfrom the central canal to the lacunae of thefirst lamella and then from lamella tolamella- Compact bone- Spongy boneLabs 4 & 5 – Skeletal SystemBone MarkingsPg. 94 Table 8.1- Projections that are sites of muscle &ligament attachmento Tuberosity: large roundedprojection; may be roughenedo Crest: narrow ridge of bone;usually prominento Trochanter: very large, blunt,irregularly shaped process (femur)o Line: narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than cresto Tubercle: small rounded projection or processo Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyleo Spine: sharp, slender, pointed projectiono Process: any bone prominence- Projections that help form jointso Head: bony expansion carried on a narrow necko Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surfaceo Condyle: rounded articular projectiono Ramus: armlike bar of bone- Projections and opening for passage of blood vessels andnerves o Groove: furrowo Fissure: narrow, slitlike openingo Foramen: round or oval opening through a boneo Notch: indentation at the edge of a structure- Otherso Meatus: canal-like passagewayo Sinus: bone cavity, filled with air and lined withmucous membraneo Fossa: shallow depression in a bone, often serving asan articular surface- ID vertebrae types and know two characteristics for IDo Atlas (C1): lacks a
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