Chapter 4- the cell: anatomy and divisionThe 3 regionsNucleusContains the genetic material; central control of the cellChromatin – genetic material that is dispersed around the nucleus when cell is not dividingChrosomes when chromatin coils condense to forrm chromosomesNucleolus- made up of proteins and RNAAssembly sites for proteinsNuclear envelope- large nuclear pores that surround the nucleusPlasma mmbrane – surrounds the celllCytoplasm- encloses the nucleusCytosol-liquid found in the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles (small organs)OrganellesRibosomesComposed of RNA and proteins for synthesisSmooth ERProduce steroid- based hormonesRough ER- transport proteins outside of the cellGolgi apparatus – modification, packagaging, transporting proteinsLysosomesPowerful digestive enzymesPeroxidesDetoxify a number of harmful substancesMitochondriaFood is broken down to produce ATPCytoskeleton elementsMicrotubles- slender proteins that organize the cytoskeleton and help maintain the cell shapeIntermediate filaments- stable proteins that act to resist mechanical forcesMicrofilaments- important in cell mobilityCentrioles- rod shaped bodies that are used in cell division for the formation of the mitotic spindle.PhasesInterphasePeriod in which the cells carries out its normal activities and metabolic activitiesG1 phase- centrioles begin replicationS phase- Dna replicationG2 phase- final replications for mitosis and centrioles done with replicationProphase- nucleous begin to break downDNA condense to form chromosome while the micro spindle enhance and connect to the chromosomesSpindles move to the poles which creates a pull that propels the centrosomes towards the centersMetaphase-the chromosomes are aligned to the central plate of the cellAnaphase- the microtubules shorten which separated the chromosomes into each chromatinthe unattached microtubules elongate which then stretch the cellTelophase-chromatids now called chromosomes reach poles of the cell; the nuclear membranes form as nucleotide reappear; DNA unwinds ; spindle fibers disintegratesSolutionsIsotonic solutionsRetain their normal size(in the picture- in equailibrium; has a middle and outside to it)Hypertonic solutionCells contain a higher amount of concentration on solute on outside ( thus less water)Water then moves to outside of cell cell shrinksHypotonic solutionLess concentration of solute on the inside of the cell ( thus, less water in the cell )Cell expandsVesicular processEndocytosisPinocytosis- (cell eating)Phagocytosis – use of vesiclesRepceptor-mediated endocytosis-← Chapter 4- the cell: anatomy and division- The 3 regionso Nucleus Contains the genetic material; central control of the cell Chromatin – genetic material that is dispersed around the nucleus when cell is not dividing Chrosomes when chromatin coils condense to forrm chromosomes Nucleolus- made up of proteins and RNA- Assembly sites for proteins Nuclear envelope- large nuclear pores that surround the nucleus o Plasma mmbrane – surrounds the celll o Cytoplasm- encloses the nucleus Cytosol-liquid found in the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles (small organs) Organelles Ribosomes- Composed of RNA and proteins for synthesis Smooth ER- Produce steroid- based hormones Rough ER- transport proteins outside of the cell Golgi apparatus – modification, packagaging, transporting proteins Lysosomes - Powerful digestive enzymes Peroxides - Detoxify a number of harmful substances Mitochondria - Food is broken down to produce ATP Cytoskeleton elements Microtubles- slender proteins that organize the cytoskeleton and help maintain the cell shape Intermediate filaments- stable proteins that act to resist mechanical forces Microfilaments- important in cell mobility Centrioles- rod shaped bodies that are used in cell division for the formation of the mitotic spindle.← Phases- Interphaseo Period in which the cells carries out its normal activities and metabolic activities G1 phase- centrioles begin replication S phase- Dna replication G2 phase- final replications for mitosis and centrioles done with replication- Prophase- nucleous begin to break down o DNA condense to form chromosome while the micro spindle enhance and connect to the chromosomes o Spindles move to the poles which creates a pull that propels the centrosomes towards the centers- Metaphase- o the chromosomes are aligned to the central plate of the cell- Anaphase- the microtubules shorten which separated the chromosomes into each chromatin o the unattached microtubules elongate which then stretch the cell- Telophase- o chromatids now called chromosomes reach poles of the cell; the nuclear membranes form as nucleotide reappear; DNA unwinds ; spindle fibers disintegrates ← Solutions - Isotonic solutionso Retain their normal sizeo (in the picture- in equailibrium; has a middle and outside to it)- Hypertonic solution o Cells contain a higher amount of concentration on solute on outside ( thus less water)o Water then moves to outside of cell cell shrinks - Hypotonic solutiono Less concentration of solute on the inside of the cell ( thus, less water in the cell )o Cell expands Vesicular process- Endocytosis o Pinocytosis- (cell eating)o Phagocytosis – use of vesicles o Repceptor-mediated
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