8/31Kingdom Animalia- man is part of animal kingdom- top groupingAnatomy: study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each otherGross/Macroscopic: study of large body parts visible to naked eyeRegional: all structures in particular region of bodySystematic: structure of the body are studied by systemsMicroscopic: very small structures that are viewed by microscopes not the naked eyeCytology: cells viewedHistology: tissues viewedDevelopmental: structural changes that occur in body throughout the life spanNeed all organ systems working in unisonCell form communitiesTissues are made up of group of similar cells to perform specific roleComparative Anatomy: compare different structures /organs of the bodyAnatomy Study success1. observation2. manipulation3. master termsAnatomical position1. body erect2. feet slight apart3. palms face forward4. thumbs away from bodyPlanes/SectionsFrontal: vertical cut= divides body into anterior and posteriorSagittal: vertical cut=divides body into left/right partsMidsagittal: cut exactly in mid line that divides body into EQUAL left/right partsAnatomy 9/2-body has to be in anatomical position for dissection-2 cavities in body trunk: dorsal and ventral cavities-see these two cavities by frontal cut-dorsal: spinal cord and brain-ventral: larger cavity and subdivided into superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity-ventral is divided by diaphragm-Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs-Abdominal cavity: contains digestive organs-ventral cavity surrounded by serous membrane-each organ has its own compartment, which prevents spread of infection-Compartmentalizationallows each organ in the body cavity to be surrounded by its own membrane-organs in dorsal cavity are surrounded by membranes called meninges (inflammation of meninges= meningitis)-dorsal cavity is composed of the cranial cavity= houses the brain; and the vertebral cavity= houses the spinal cord-Ventral Cavity1. Superior Thoracic Cavity2. Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity-these are divided by the diaphragm-membranes called serous membranes surround organs in the ventral body cavityAdvantages of Compartmentalization1. prevents the spread of infection from one organ to another in same body cavity2. prevents interference of the functioning of each organ by neighboring organs in the same body cavity9 division of abdominopelvic cavity, but a simpler way is the 4 quadrants (right/left upper and lower)Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity blend in so you can’t divide themPhysiology: study of the function of the body parts-structure defines function1. Systemic physiology: study of the function of the systems body11 organ systems in body and all 11 organ systems work together to sustain the human body, referred to as HOMEOSTASISif one organ system isn’t working it is homeostatic imbalanceif one system fails and not repaired other systems will fall apart11 systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductivetalk about endocrine system when there in a body imbalanceLevels of structural organization1. Chemical- atoms combine to form molecules2. Cellular- cells made up of molecules3. Tissue- tissues made up of similar types of cells4.. Organ- organs made up of different types of tissues5. Organ system- consists of different organs that work together closely6. Organismal- organisms made up of many systemsHOMEOSTASIS: balance in the body-established by 2 regulatory organ systems: nervous and endocrine-nervous system: fast action, short-lived and localized-endocrine system: generally slow action, long lasting and global (release hormones in the blood stream)Homeostasis imbalance=DISEASES-a quick adjustment use the nervous systemChapter 2: Chemical Level (lowest level)-looking at structural organization in the human body (6 structural levels)-Chemical level is the LOWEST-means were looking at the biochemical reactions occurring in the body-these chemical reactions are what we refer to as physiological processes necessary to sustain life-matter: anything that occupies space and has mass; composed of elements-atoms=building blocks of all matter-112 elements; most important: CARBON, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, HYDROGENStructure of an atom:1. protons: positively charged- in the nucleus and is referred to as ATOMIC #2. neutrons: neutral in nucleustherefore nucleus is POSITIVE3. elections: negatively charged in outer shells9/7electrons are located/arranged in the orbits/shells in a specific mannerfirst shell: max 2 electronssecond shell: max 8 electronsthird shell: max 18 electrons however stable with 8 electronsoutermost shell is VALENCE shellif valence shell does not contain max number of electrons, the atom is UNSTABLE and therefore chemical reactiveatoms are not happy unless shells are fullachieve stability in 2 wayslose electrons or gain electronsinert elements: atoms with valence shells complete and therefore chemically inert, unreactiveex: atom with 10 electrons, 2 in first and 8 in 2nd so therefore stablenoble gaseschemically-reactive elements: atoms in the elements that have incomplete valence shells and therefore unstable and chemically reactiveachieve stability thorough forming CHEMICAL BONDS with other atoms using their valence electrons- results in formation of molecules and compounds3 types of chemical bondscovalent bonds: electrons shared between atoms to attain stabilitynonpolar: shared equally ex: CO2polar: UNEQUAL; one atom pulls the shared electrons closer to itself= ELECTRONEGATIVE and the other atom is ELECTROPOSITIVEoxygen: electronegative; hydrogen=electropositiveionic bonds: complete transfer of electrons ex: Na+ Cl-no longer an atom if gain/lose electrongaining/losing takes energyso is it easier to lose 7 or gain 1 to attain stability?Atom losing electron is CATION (positive) and atom accepting electron is ANION (negative)Hydrogen bonds: wear bond between hydrogen atoms (electropositive) and electronegative ionsPolar covalent compoundHydrogen bond= weakest; ionic b/c complete transfer; polar covalent b/c unequal share; nonpolar covalent b/c equal sharingInorganic and Organic CompoundsInorganic: DON’T contain carbon (except carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide)= water, acids, bases, saltsOrganic: contain carbon that are covalently bondedEx: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsWater- polar covalent moleculeMost abundant compound in body- 70% of the volume of cellsKnown as universal solvent;
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