BSCI201: Exam 1Study Guide- Anatomy: study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each othero Types: gross/macroscopic, regional, systematic, microscopic (cytology—cells, histology – tissues), developmental, comparative- Study success observation, manipulation, master terms- Anatomical Position: body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs pointing outward- Planeso Sagital: divides the body into left and right partso Frontal: divides body into anterior and posterioro Transverse: cross sectionBody Cavities- 2 cavities in body trunk Dorsal and Ventral (exposed by a frontal plane/cut)o Dorsal contain spinal chord and brain Composed of cranial cavity (houses the brain) and vertebral cavity (houses spinal chord)o Ventral divided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm Structures are surrounded by the sereous membrane Advantages- Each organ has its own compartment in the cavity preventing the spread of infection- Prevent interference of functioning of each organ by neighboring organs in the same body cavity Abdominopelvic: 9 regions + 4 quadrantsPhysiology study of the function of the body’s parts- Structure defines function Principle of Structure and Function- 11 Organ systems in the body which work together to sustain the body o if 1 system fails, other systems will follow because all systems are interalted- Body Organization chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism- Homeostasis established by 2 regulatory systems: nervous system and endocrine systemo Nervous system: fast acting, short lived, localizedo Endocrine System: slow acting, long-lived, global Exception: fight or flight- Symptom: objective and will manifest itself first- Sign: subjectve and can be seen by othersThe Chemical Level- Looking at biochemical reactions occurring in the body referred to as the physiological processes necessary to sustain life- Most important elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen- 3 subatomic particleso Protons + charge, in nucleuso Neutrons no charge, in nucleuso Electron - charge, orbit nucleus- Atoms have same # of protons and neutrons, making them have an overall neutral charge- Atomic # = # of protons = # of electrons- Atomic Orbitals/ Shellso 1st shell accommodates 2 electronso 2nd shell accommodates 8 electronso 3rd shell accommodates maximum of 18 electrons but is stable with 8o Outermost shell = valence shell; electrons in valence shell = valence electrons If valence shell of an atom does not contain max # of electrons, the atom is unstable and chemically reactive atoms want to reach stability- Reduce # of free radicals in the body lessens the effects of aging- Inert Elements atoms with their valence shells complete; chemically unreactive- Establish stability by forming chemical bondso Molecule – involves the same type of atomo Compound – involves different atoms- 3 types of chemical bondso Covalent Bonds – electrons are shared between atoms 2 types: Polar (unequal sharing) and Non-polar (equal sharing)- Polar electronegative atom (hogs electron) and electropositive o Ionic Bonds – involves the complete transfer of electrons Not considered an atom if lose gain an electron Cation – positively charged ion (loses electron) Anion – negatively charge ion (gains electron) Bond forms between cations and anionso Hydrogen Bonds – involves a polar covalent compound Need at least 1 electropositive hydrogen as part of a polar compound and another electronegative atom involved in a different polar compoundo Weakest Bond = Hydrogen Bond, Ionic Bond, Polar Covalent, Non-Polar Covalent = Strongest Bond- Compounds in the Human Body = Inorganic v. Organico Inorganic Compounds – do not contain carbon Ex: Water, acids, bases, salts, CO2 (b/c not a chain of carbons) Water – Polar Covalent Molecule- Most abundant compound in the body – 70% of cell volume- Known as universal solvent- High heat capacity- High heat of vaporization – cools the body- Used for cushioning around the brain and spine Acids – substances that release hydrogen ion (H+), proton donors- Higher H+ concentration, lower the pH- Blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45 Buffers – regulate the acid-base balance- Resists abrupt changes in pH by binding H+ when pH falls and by releasing H+ when pH rises Bases – substances that accept H+, proton acceptors Salts – ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water to give cations and anions Ex. NaCl, KClo Organic Compounds – contains carbons that are covalently bonded Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids- Carbohydrates = Hydrated carbonso Monosaccharide: General Formula (CH2O)n; sweet and soluble in water; monomers of carbohydrates Hexose: (CH2O)6 – Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Pentose: (CH2O)5 – Deoxyribose, Riboseo Disaccharides – composed of 2 hexose sugars, sweet and soluble in water 3 types:- Maltose (grain sugar): Glucose + Glucose- Sucrose (table sugar): Glucose + Fructose- Lactose (milk sugar): glucose + galactoseo Polysaccharides – composed of long chains of glucose = storage form of glucose Known as starch in plant cells GLYCOGEN in animal cells – more branches allowing for more storage of glucose Not sweet, insoluble in water Structure and Function = insoluble in water for storage purposes- Lipidso Hydrophobic substances insoluble in watero 4 types: Neutral fats – composed of glycerol backbone and 3 free fatty acids- Triglyceride- Most abundant form of fat in the human diet- 2 types: Saturated and Unsaturated o Unsaturated: at least one double covalent bond in the carbon chain Liquid at room temperature Palnt Sources Ex. Olive Oilo Saturated: single covalent bond exists between all the carbonsin the chain Solid at room temperature Animal sources Ex: Butter High levels of LDL which increases cholesterol cholesterol is required by the body to maintain thestructure of the plasma membrane and for the synthesis of the steroid hormone needed to establish homeostasis and for reproduction- Why LDL is referred to as bad cholesterol Excess cholesterol in the body carried by LDL will cause plaque to deposit in the internal wall of blood vessels referred to as atherosclerotic plaques = condition atherosclerosiso Can cause a heart attack or can lead to hypertension (chronic increase in blood pressure) which leads
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