Simple columnar: cells havecilia (bronchi <tube like structures leading into the lung>/fallopian tubes)the simple columnar epithelial cells in the bronchi have goblet cellsproduce mucin which interacts with water to form mucus, hence cilia beat to create an unidirectional current that moves mucus (laden with debris and pathogens) moves this away from the lungs.lining of the fallopian tubes and the superior portion of the uteruscilia beat to create a unidirectional current that propels ovum (egg) or the conceptors (fertilized egg) into the uterine cavitynon-ciliated (digestive tract from the stomach to small intestine to large intestine to rectum to anal canal)small intestine:non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial lining of the small intestine, expresses microvilli, which increase surface area available for absorption in the small intestine.Psedudostratified columnar epithelium A single layer of tall cells of different heights hence the nuclei appear at different heights, giving the appearance of false stratification. (false appearance of 2 layers)ciliatedendowed with goblet cells is referred to as the respiratory epitheliumcompositionlocation: lines most of the structures in the respiratory systemcilia beat to create a unidirectional current that moves mucusnon- ciliatedlines the ducts in the male reproductive system.Epidydimidesvasa differentiaejaculatory ductsurethraconfers protection to these ductswhen sperm are not moved out of the male reproductive ducts. The pseduostratififed (non ciliated) engulf and destroy spermstratified squamous epithelium:cells on the top are flat because the cells are dead.several layers of cells here scale like (squamous) apical cellsKeratinizedepidermis is the only locationapical cells are impregnated with a tough fibrous protein called keratinin addition the keratinized apical cells are coated with glycolipids.abrasive resistant and waterproofnon-keratinizedforms part of the mucus membrane which lines most of the structures in the tracts of the body.have openings to the exteriorskin to tract+ keratinized to non-keratinizedLines the entry/exit structures of the tracts where this epithelium allows for movement of fluids into the structures and also allows for movement of structure through the tractconfer protection to the structures it linesStratified epithelium tissues:Named for the stratified cell types on the apical surface of the epitihiumstratified columnar/cuboidal epithelium:epithelial lining of ducts which leads from exocrine glands, where they confer protection to the internal surface of the ducts.Transitional epithelium:Lining the structures that convey or store urine.Uretersbladderurethrawhen these structures are empty we know the transitional epithelium encroaches into the lumen (ope space)made up of 6 layer with cuboidal/ or cuboidal like cells on the apical surfaceas urine flows into these structure the transitional epithelium undergoes a transition and changes from 6 layers to 3 layerscuboidal like cells undergo transition to squamous like cells: increasing the capacity of the lumen of these structuresGlandular epithelia:Endocrine glandsexocrine glansunicellularmulticellularExocrine GlandsFunctional classificationApocrine mode of secretion is not present in the human bodyApocrine sweat glands use the merocrine mode of secretionConnective tissueMost abundant type of primary tissue in the human bodyIt is not as cellular as epithelial tissue hence, connective tissue cells are dispersed in an extra cellular matrixThere is a living portionCell type secretory that connective tissue (cells are denied from mesenchyme)Non living portionExtracellular matrix4 cells types derived from mesenchyme during embryotic developmentFibroblastsChondroblastsOsteoblastsHematopietic stem cells4 classes of connective tissueConnective tissue properCell type secrety: fibroblastsConsistency of the matrix: gel-likeConnective tissue properLooseAreolarAdiposeReticularDenseRegularIrregularElasticAreolar Connective TissueAll 3 fiber types are presentCollagen fibersElastic fibersReticular fibersLocationSupports the avascular epithelial tissue- it is highly vascularizedAs the underlying connective tissue in mucus membrane where it is referred to as the lamina propriaHolds interstitial fluid that surrounds cells in tissues. Hence, edema formation which results from excessive fluid in the interstitial fluid involves swelling of the areolar connective tissueAdipose Connective TissueThe matured fibroblasts called adipocytes or fat (triglycerides- most abundant form of fat in the human diet) cells store fat from the dietExcess glucose is converted to triglycerides for storage via a process called lipogenesisFat is the most concentrated form and the most efficient form of stored energyCatabolism of one gram of glucose (stored in the form of glycogen) yields 4 kilo caloriesCatabolic of 1 gram of fat yields 9 kilo caloriesLocationHypodermis (underneath the dermis) where the fat provides insulation and substrates for energy productionFat forms capsules that surround all vital organs such as the kidneys, the eyeballs, the breastsFat capsules protect the vital organs against trauma and hold the vital organs in the correct anatomical positionsReticular Connective TissueContains highly branched reticular fibers that form networks called stroma inside lymphoid organsImmune cells rest and proliferate on the stroma inside the lymphoid organsImmune cells fight/ destroy pathogensDense Connective TissueHigh fiber content hence, dense connective tissue is also refereed to as fibrous connective tissueDense sense regular connective tissue- bundles of collagen fibers arranged in a regular fashion- all collagen bundles face in the same directionHence, dense regular connective tissue can resist pull/stress/force applied in the same direction the collagen bundles are facingLocationTendons – connect skeletal muscles to the skeletal structures (bones or cartilage)Forms aponeroses- sheet like tendons that connect skeletal muscle to skeletal muscle- galea aponeurotica- connects the frontalis to the occipitulisLigaments- connect bones at the site of jointsLoose Connective TissueFibers are loosely arranged in the matrixDense Irregular Connective TissueBundles of collage fibers arranged in a irregular fashion- bundles of collagen fibers face all directions and hence, dense irregular
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