1. Define:Anatomy- study of the structures of the body and how they related to each otherPhysiology- study of the function of the body’s partsHomeostasis- maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing2. Explain the statement structure defines function3. Body cavitiesa. Dorsal cavity- consists of the cranial and vertebral cavitiesb. Ventral cavity- consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities4. Levels of organization - define each level (lowest to the highest). What is an organism?Chemical level- atoms combine to form moleculesCellular level- cells are made up of moleculesTissue level- tissues consist of similar types of cellsOrgan level- organs are made up of different types of tissueOrgan system level- organ systems consist of different organs that work together closelyOrganism level- the human organism is made up of many organ systemsOrganism- an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form5. The chemical level: define protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number.Protons- positively-charged subatomic particles located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleusNeutrons- uncharged subatomic particles located inside the atomic nucleusElectrons- negatively-charged subatomic particles located in orbits/shells surrounding the atomic nucleusAtomic number- number of protons in an atom6. What is the overall charge of the atomic nucleus?Positive7. What is the net charge of an atom?Zero8. Define the 3 types of chemical bonds discussed and give the order of increasing bond strength (from the weakest to the strongest). Which one is stronger, a polar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent bond? Give an example of a polar covalent molecule.Covalent bonds- electrons are shared between atoms to attain stability; 2 types of covalent bonds: nonpolar and polarNonpolar covalent bond- electrons are shared equally between the atoms involvedEx. H2O (water molecule)Polar covalent bond- unequal sharing of electrons—one atoms pulls the shared electrons close to itself and such an atom is referred to as an electropositive atom; the other atom is referred to as an electronegative atomEx. CO2 (carbon dioxide molecule)Ionic bonds- involve complete transfer of electron from one atom to the other resulting a charged particles called ions; the atom donating the electrons becomes positively-charged ion called a cation; the atom accepting electrons becomes a negatively-charged ion called an anion; ionic bond therefore forms between the cation and the anion=”opposites attract”Hydrogen bonds- a weaker bond that forms between hydrogen atoms (electropositive) and electronegative ions; hydrogen bonds form between atoms already involved in polar covalent bond9. Define:Ions- an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electronsCations- a positively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis (the opposite of anion)Anions- a negatively charged ion, i.e, one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis (the opposite of cation)10. Inorganic compounds: Water (universal solvent), Acids (proton donors), Bases (proton acceptors). What are salts?Salts- ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water to give cations and anionsEx. NaCl, KCl11. Organic compounds:a. Carbohydrates: DefineMonosaccharides- (CH2O)n; sweet and soluble in waterEx. Hexose (CH2O)6; Pentose (CH2O)5Disaccharides composed of two hexose sugars; sweet and soluble in waterPolysaccharides- composed of long chains of glucose=storage form of glucose; known as starch in plant cells and as glycogen in animal cells; not sweet, insoluble in waterb. Define each of the 4 structural levels of proteinsPrimary structure- linear polypeptide that can act as a base and a carboxyl terminal that can act as an acidSecondary structure- twisting/bending to form an alpha helix (coiled) or a beta pleated sheet (polypeptide chains linked side by side)Tertiary structure- secondary structure fold upon themselves to give a compact, globular molecule; three-dimensional moleculeQuaternary structure- two or more polypeptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds- At what structural level of proteins do we have the alpha helix and the Betapleated sheets?Secondary structurec. Name the 2 classes of proteins:Fibrous ProteinsGlobular ProteinsWhich class of proteins is also known as structural proteins and why?Fibrous proteins because they provide mechanical support and tensile strength as the main building material in the bodyd. Lipids: 4 Typesi. Neutral fats = Triglycerides. What are saturated/unsaturated fats?Unsaturated fats- at least one double covalent bond in the carbon chain; liquid at room temperature; plant sources—olive oilSaturated fats- single covalent bonds exist between all the carbons in the chain; solid at room temperature; animal sources—butterii. Phospholipids - hydrophobic/nonpolar tails and hydrophilic/polar headsiii. Steroids - derived from cholesteroliv. Eicosanoids - regulatory substances derived from arachidonic acid.Name the enzyme required for prostaglandin production.12. Cellular Level - 2nd level of structural organizationa. Cell - fundamental unit of structure and function of all living organismb. Name the 3 major parts of the cellPlasma membraneCytoplasmNucleusc. Cell membrane- composed of bilayer of phospholipidsd. What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?Cholesterol inserts between phospholipids tails to stabilize the plasma membrane=”cholesterol therefore maintains the integrity of the plasma membrane”e. Differentiate between integral and peripheral proteins. What are transmembrane proteins?Integral proteins- span the entire way of the plasma membranePeripheral proteins- do not span the entire way of the plasma membrane; attachedf. Membrane junctions: Describe tight junctions, gap junction and desmosomesTight junctions- fusion of integral proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells forming an “impermeable junction”Gap junctions- formed by hollow cylinder called connexons; it allows for the rapid transfer of ions between cells; also known as “communicating junctions”Desmosomes- linker proteins extending from plaques on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane of adjacent cells interdigitate to hold the cells together and prevent their separation; also known as “anchoring junction”-What are connexons? What are linker proteins?Connexons-
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