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Joints = ArticulationsWednesday, October 24, 201212:12 PMJoint - site where two or more bones meet (based on structure & function) 3 Classes (Function):Synarthroses - immovable jointsAmphiarthroses- slightly movable jointsDiarthroses - freely movable joints 3 Classes (Structure):Fibrous Joints - Joint cavity absent, bones united by fibrous dense regular CT (in form of cord or sheet)a. Sutures - only in bones of skull-BABY skull- formed by thick layers of dense regular CT, allows for slight movement of skull (as brain grows) Function: Amphiarthotic joints-ADULT skull - ossify to form a rigid vault (protect developed brain) Function: Synarthotic Jointsb. Syndesmoses - ligaments (cords/bands)1. Bones mited by cords - Ligaments. Function: Synarthotic Joints2. Bones united by sheet-like fibrous membrane (interosseous membrane) Function: Amphiarthotic JointsInterosseous membrane - b/t the radius & ulna (allows for pronation & supination)c. Gomphoses - "peg in socket", b/t teeth & bony sockets in mandible/maxillaShort periodental ligaments (cord-like dense irregular CT) that hold teeth inside sockets in the maxillae and in the mandible. Function: Synarthotic Joints-In children - Function: Amphiarthotic Joints (allow for teeth to come out & be replaced) Cartilaginous Joints - Joint cavity absent, bones united by cartilagea. Synchondroses - hyaline cartilage -ex. epiphyseal plates, Function: Synarthotic Joints b. Symphyses - fibrocartilage-ex. Pubic symphysis & intervertebral discs, Function: Amphiarthotic JointsFibrous & Cartilaginous Joints - Lack joint cavity (space b/t bones at site of joint)Synovial Joints - Joint cavity present, joint capsule present, bones united by ligaments-All synovial Joints are Diarthrotic JointsArticular cartilage - caps the ends of bonesArticular capsule - double-layered of outerfibrous capsuleJoint cavity - space that contains synovial fluidLigaments - 3 types1. Capsular/Intrinsic Ligaments - part of fibrous capsule2. Extracapsular - outside of articular capsule3. Intracapsular - deep inside articular capsuleMenisci - minimize wear & tear (discs of fibrocartilage)Bursae - reduce friction (bags of synovial fluid)Tendon Sheaths - reduces friction (wraps around tendon)*Know what they look like and what movements they allow!a. Plane Joint - Flat articular surfaces, allows gliding (intercarpal joint)b. Hinge Joint - Cylindrical, Allows flexion/extension (elbow joint)c. Pivot Joint - Rounded, Allows for rotation (Atlanto-axial joint allows head to rotate "NO")d. Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joint - Oval, Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & circumduction (Atlanto-occipital joint allows you to flex/extend head to motion "YES")e. Saddle Joint - Concave/convex, Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction (Saddle joint - only location in human body)f. Ball-and-socket Joint - Spherical, most freely movable - all movements allowed (Shoulder joint)Flexion - decrease angle of jointExtension - increase angle of jointHyperextension - excessive extension (beyond normal)Abduction - limb away from midlineAdduction - limb towards midlineCircumduction - limb as cone shaped movementRotation - turning of bone around its axis EXAM 2:-Joints: what they look like and what they allow-CT highly vs. poorly vascularized tissue-Position/location of cartilage to type of joint (synthesis)-3 types of muscle tissue (compare/contrast structure & function)... Gap junctions-Build of neuron (axons, dendrites, axon terminals)-Neuromuscular junction --> skeletal muscle fibers-Integumentary - function of strata, epidermal ridges (finger-printing)-epidermal/dermal junction, merkel discs act as touch receptors-function of integumentary system, what function brought on by what types of structures-how long bone is organized-process of ossification (function), compare the 2 types-medullary cavity-hormonal control ** growth hormones-what is the purpose of bone remodeling?-Wolff's


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UMD BSCI 201 - Joints = Articulations

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Exam 1

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Famine

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Exam 2

Exam 2

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