BSCI 201Review Sheet - Exam I1. Define: anatomy, physiology, and homeostasis Anatomy- the study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each otherPhysiology- the study of the function of the body’s parts- Systemic physiology- study of the function of the systems of the body (11 organ systems in the human body that work in unison to sustain the human body, a state referred to as homeostasis)Homeostasis- maintenance of a relatively stable internal condition even though the external environment is changing- Homeostatic imbalance= DISEASES (corrected by the nervous and endocrine system)- All systems beside the reproductive system are considered the “maintenance” organ systems2. Explain the statement “structure defines function” Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function- The structure of cells and their subcellular components dictate the functions of cells; the biochemical reactions occurring in a cell are dictated by the subcellular structures presentin the cellTheme of Compartmentalization- each organ has its own compartment to prevent interference from neighboring organs,prevents spread of infection from one organ to another in same body cavity, and holds the organs in their right anatomical position3. 2 Body cavities a. Dorsal cavity - consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities (brain and spine); surrounded by meninges b. Ventral cavity - consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities (heart, lungs, pelvis, bladder, reproductive organs, digestive viscera, etc.)- separated by the diaphragm; surrounded by serous membrane- In the abdominopelvic cavity, serous membrane is called the peritoneal sac and those surrounded by it are called intraperitoneal organs, those not surrounded by it (i.e. kidneys and pancreas) are called retroperitoneal organs4. Levels of structural organization - define each level. What is an organism? 1. Chemical Level: atoms combine to form molecules2. Cellular Level: cells are made up of molecules3. Tissue Level: tissues consist of similar types of cells4. Organ Level: organs are made up with different types of tissues to perform a specific function5. Organ System Level: organ systems are composed of different organs that work closely together6. Organismal Level: the human organism is made up of 11 organ systemsThe chemical level:5. Define: protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number. Protons- positively charged subatomic particles located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleus; referred toas the Atomic NumberNeutrons- uncharged subatomic particles located inside the atomic nucleus, which means the nucleus is always positive!Electrons- negatively charged subatomic particles located in orbits/shells surrounding the nucleus6. What is the overall charge of the atomic nucleus? Overall Charge of nucleus= Positive7. What is the net charge of an atom? Net Charge= 08. Define the 3 types of chemical bonds discussed and give the order of increasing bond strength (from the strongest to theweakest). Which one is stronger, a polar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent bond? Give an example of a polar covalent molecule. Covalent Bonds- electrons shared between atoms- Nonpolar= equal sharing (O2, N2)- Polar= unequal sharing (H2O); electronegative atom (O) pulls electropositive atom (H) towards itselfIonic Bonds- electrons completely transferred (atoms lose or gain an electron) i.e. Na+ and Cl- NaClHydrogen Bonds- a weak intra- or intermolecular bond that forms between electropositive hydrogen atoms and an electronegative ion (forms when polar covalent bonds are present)9. Define: ions, cations, and anions Ions- charged particles resulting from the loss or gain of electronsCation- atom donating electronAnion- atom accepting electron10. Inorganic compounds: Water (universal solvent), Acids (proton donors), Bases (proton acceptors). What are salts? Salts are ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water to give cations and anions (i.e. NaCl or KCl)-Inorganic compounds do not contain a carbon-based chain (i.e. CO2 or CO)11. Organic compounds: a. Carbohydrates: Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides *Functions: 1. Glucose provides substrate for catabolism to yield energy, 2. Form part of structures called glycolipids and glycoproteins, which act as signal molecules on the surface of the cells, 3. Form structural framework for organic compounds such as nucleic acids=pentose sugarsMonosaccharides- either hexose sugars (glucose, fructose, or galactose) or pentose sugars (deoxyribose or ribose)Disaccharides- combination of hexose sugars- Maltose= glucose+glucose- Lactose= glucose+galactose- Sucrose= glucose+fructosePolysaccharides- long branched chain of glucose (not sweet, insoluble in water: important for it to be storage molecule)- Glycogen- storage form of glucose in animal cells (glycogen stored by hepatocytes in liver cells and by skeletal muscle fibers; there is a limit to glycogen storage in the body= 600 g, if there is too much stored this will create an osmotic gradient and will draw water into the cells and the cells will lyse)- Starch- storage form of glucose in plant cellsb. Define each of the 4 structural levels of proteins - At what structural level of proteins do we have the alpha helix and the Beta pleated sheets? Proteins contain an amine group (NH2) and an acidic group (COOH) joined together by a peptide bond; there are essentialand nonessential amino acids (synthesized in body)1. Primary Structure- primary sequence, includes type and position of amino acids (which determine structure/function)- Sickle Cell Anemia: position of 6 (a.a. switched) of the beta chains of hemoglobin, caused decrease in binding of oxygen and delivering it to tissues2. Secondary Structure-primary structure modified into 2 types of secondary structures: alpha helix and beta pleated sheets- alpha helix: coiling of the primary chain and is stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed btw NH and CO groups in the primary amino acid chain- beta pleated sheets: the primary chain is linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form pleated structure3. Tertiary Structure- achieved when alpha helical or beta pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a ball-like globular molecule. It is referred to as the 3D structure of proteins; some proteins attain this structure.4. Quaternary Structure- two or four primary structures of proteins required; formed by disulfide binds that occur in cysteine amino
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