Daniella Portal BSCI201Exam 1 Review Sheet Study Guide 1 Define Anatomy the study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each other Physiology the study of the function of the body parts 2 Explain the statement structure defines function The cellular makeup of a structure defines the function of the structure 3 2 body cavities Dorsal cavity consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities Each organ is surrounded by membranes compartments called meninges which is tri layered The cranial cavity is superior to the vertebral cavity Ventral cavity consists of the thoracic and abdomino pelvic cavities separated by the diaphragm Each organ is surrounded by membranes called serous membranes which are doubled layered most of the organs o Serous membranes called the peritoneal sac surrounds some The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdomino pelvic cavity Organs in the abdomino pelvic cavity surrounded be peritoneal sacs are called intraperitonial organs and organs not surrounded by peritoneal sacs are called retroperitoneal organs 4 Levels of Organization Define each level Chemical Level Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organismal Level Chemical Level atoms combine to form molecules This level defines the functions and therefore defines the physiology Cellular Level molecules come together to form cells basic unit of life Tissue Level consist of similar types of cells grouped together minus red blood cells and sperm which form intercellular communities Organ Level organs are made up of 2 different types of tissues cont d Organ System Level consist of different organs that work closely together Organs in a organ system do not have the same function because organs have complimentary functions o Ex the cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and the blood vessels the heart pumps the blood and the blood vessels receive and distribute that blood throughout the body Organismal Level the human organism is made up of 11 organ systems What is an organism 5 Define Protons positively charged particles located in the atomic nucleus Neutrons neutral or uncharged particles located in the nucleus Electrons negatively charge particles located in the orbitals shells surrounding the atomic nucleus and are arranged in a specific manner Reactions occur in the outermost shell called the valence electrons o When the outermost shell contains the maximum number of valence electrons the atom is said to be stable and are chemically inert o When the outermost shell does not contain the maximum number of valence electrons the atom is said to be unstable and chemically reactive which results in the formation of chemical bonds creating molecules involving same atom or compounds involving different atoms Atomic Number indicated by the number of protons able to infer number of electrons but not always true 6 What is the overall charge of the atomic nucleus Overall charge is POSITIVE because protons and neutrons make a positive charge 7 What is the net charge of an atom Since the number of protons the number of electrons in an atom the overall charge is ZERO 8 Define the 3 types of chemical bonds and give the order of increasing bond strength from weakest to strongest 1 Covalent Bonds atoms share electrons in order to complete their valence shells There are two types Polar Covalent Nonpolar Covalent o Polar Covalent electrons are unequally shared creating an electronegative atom pulls atom closers to itself that another atom and an electropositive atom Example H20 oxygen is electronegative and the hydrogen is electropositive o Nonpolar Covalent electrons are shared equally Which is stronger A polar covalent bonds or a nonpolar covalent bond Nonpolar covalent 2 Ionic Bonds atoms completely transfer gain lose electrons to gain a complete shell forming charged particles called ions The atom donating electrons positively charged ion called cations The atoms accepting electrons negatively charged ion called anion Ionic bonds form between cations and anions 3 Hydrogen Bonds weaker bond forming between electropositive hydrogen atoms and electronegative ions Form between bonds already involved in polar covalent bonds This type of bond will not help achieve stability Slight negative slight positive attraction Order of increasing bond strength Hydrogen Bonds Ionic Bonds Polar Covalent Nonpolar covalent 9 Define ions cations and anions see above 10 What are Inorganic Compounds Compounds that do not contain carbon chains except for Co2 and Co Water is an inorganic compound composed of polar covalent bobnds It is known as the universal solvent because its involved in all biochemical reactions occurring in the body What are acids and bases Acids substances that release H Hydrogen ions PROTON DONORS Bases substances that accept H PROTON ACCEPTORS What is pH And what is the pH of blood pH is the measurement of H concentration in a solution the higher amount of H the lower the pH and vice versa therefore pH is inversely proportional to the amount of H The pH of blood is strictly maintained between 7 35 7 45 and it is the optimum pH level for the actions of enzymes involved in the body What are buffers And how do they respond to a decrease increase in blood pH when blood becomes more acidic basic Buffers are regular and balance acid base levels through chemicals that resist abrupt changes in pH by binding H when the pH falls and releasing H when the pH rises The basic component of the buffer system binds H to increase blood pH back into the normal range If there is an increase in blood pH the buffer system will respond by releasing H into the blood to drop the levels back into normal ranges What are salts Salts are ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water to give cations and anions ex NaCl KCl 11 Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Define Monosaccharaides 6 carbon sugar C6H12O6 sweet and soluable in water Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharides 2 hexose sugars sweet and soluble in water Maltose glucose glucose Sucrose glucose fructose Lactose glucose galactose Polysaccharides composed of long chains of glucose storage form are not sweet and insoluble in water which makes for a good storage molecule Starch is plant cells Glycogen in animal cells o In humans glycogen is stored by hepatocytes liver cells and by skeletal muscle fibers o Maxmimum of 600 g of glycogen that can be stored in the body at one time o If too much is stored cells will burst Functions of Carbohydrates Glucose provides
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