Jellyfish shrimp beetle fish toad alligator seagull cat dolphin camel tree shrew kangaroo baboon ape man primitive human modern human Consists of animals with spinal chords Fish toad alligator seagull cat dolphin camel tree shrew kangaroo baboon ape man primitive human modern human o Warm blooded animal who bears its young live o Cat dolphin camel tree shrew kangaroo baboon ape man primitive human modern human BSCI201 Anatomy I 9 3 14 The Human Body An Orientation Kingdom Animalia o o o Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo o Baboon ape man primitive human modern human o Ape man primitive human modern human Primitive human modern human o o Homo erectus and the Neanderthals Species sapiens o Modern human o Homo sapiens wise man Anatomy the study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each other o Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy the study of large body parts visible to the naked eye o Regional Anatomy all the structures in a particular region of the body o Systemic Anatomy structure of the body are studied by the systems o Microscopic Anatomy very small structures that can not be viewed with the naked eye structures viewed by the aid of a microscope Cytology cells viewed by the aid of a microscope Histology tissues viewed by the aid of a microscope o Developmental Anatomy structural changes such as growth that occur in the body throughout the life span 1 3 Body Planes posterior parts o Frontal Coronal Plane a vertical cut that divides the body in anterior and o Sagittal Plane a vertical cut that divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal Plane a sagittal cut exactly on the midline that divides the body Parasagittal Plane a sagittal cut not on the midline that divides the body into EQUAL right and left parts into UNEQUAL right and left parts o Transverse or cross sectional Plane a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts 2 o The body in anatomical position o Body erect o Feel slightly apart o Palms face forward o Thumbs point away from the body Compartmentalization o Organs separated by each its own membrane o Isolate each organ o Prevent spread of infection from organ to organ 3 o Proximal closer to the trunk Visceral Distal further from the trunk Ex shoulders are proximal compared to the elbow Human Body Structure 2 body cavities 4 limbs Posterior or dorsal body cavity Anterior or ventral body cavity Superior Cranial cavity Inferior Vertebral Cavity Superior Thoracic Cavity Inferior Pelvic cavity brain Spinal cord Organs soft organs Lungs Heart Digesrive urinary reproductive organs o Are located in the body cavities o Each is surrounded by a double layered or triple layered membranes This isolation is referred to as compartmentalization of organs in the cavities of the human body Dorsal Posterior Body Cavity o Smaller cavity o Subdivided into Superior cranial cavity Brain Inferior Vertebral cavity Spinal Cord o Each organ in the dorsal body cavity is surrounded by the triple layer tri layered membrane called meninges Meningitis inflammation of the meninges 4 Brain and spinal cord are both surrounded by meninges Ventral Anterior Body Cavity o Larger cavity o Separated by the skeletal muscle called the diaphragm into the Superior thoracic cavity Lungs and Heart on top of diaphragm o So movement of diaphragm affects these organs Each organ is surrounded by a double layered membrane called the serous membrane o Serous membrane around the heart pericardial sac o Serous membrane around the lungs pleural sac Inferior pelvic cavity abdomino pelvic cavity Houses most of the digestive organs all of the urinary organs and reproductive organs Most of the organs in this cavity are surrounded by the double layered serous membrane which are referred to as intra peritoneal organs Some organs that are just be touching the membrane but not surrounded by it which are referred to as retro peritoneal organs o Diaphragm In resting state is dome shaped During inhalation it contracts flattens out air rushes in increasing volume and decreasing pressure Advantages of compartmentalization of organs in the human body o 1 Each organ can function in its compartment with little or no interference from neighboring organs in the same body cavity o 2 Compartmentalization prevents the spread of infection from organ to organ o 3 Membranes surrounding the organs hold these organs in the correct anatomical position 5 Physiology the study of the function of the body s parts o Systemic physiology study of the function of the systems of the body o 11 10 organ systems in the human body all work in unison to sustain the human body a state referred to as homeostasis o Principle of complementarity of structure and function Structure defines o Homeostasis maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the Function external environment is changing o Homeostasis imbalance diseases 11 Organ Systems actually 10 b c reproductive system is not necessary to live just to continue the species o Integumentary System o Skeletal System o Muscular System o Nervous system o Endocrine system o Cardiovascular system o Lymphatic system o Respiratory system o Digestive system o Urinary system o Reproductive system o 10 of the 11 organ systems must work in unison to sustain the human body 09 08 14 Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism 6 Levels of Structural Organization o 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules o 2 Cellular level o 3 Tissue level Cells are made up of molecules 6 Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organs are made up of different types of tissues o 4 Organ level o 5 Organ system level o 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of 11 organ systems Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely The Chemical Level the lowest level Chemistry Comes Alive Biochemical Reactions Physiology the study of the functions of the parts of the human body o Defined by the biochemical reactions occurring in the parts of the body Biochemical reactions chemical reactions occurring the cells in the body The structure of an Atom o Each atom is composed of 3 subatomic particles 1 Protons positively charged Located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleus Atomic number of protons in the atomic nucleus 2 Neutrons uncharged Located inside the atomic nucleus Overall change of the atomic nucleus is positive 3 Electrons negatively charged Located in orbits shells surrounding the charged
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