Practical 1 Study Guide part not visible on most models figures Lab 1 Introduction 4 Anatomical position criteria Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms face forward Thumbs point away from the body Orientation and directional terms Pgs 3 4 Superior inferior Cranial caudal Anterior posterior Medial lateral Dorsal ventral Proximal distal Superficial external deep internal Intermediate Surface Anatomy Pg 3 figure 1 1 Anterior ventral View Cephalic Head o Frontal forehead o Orbital bony eye socket o Nasal nose o Buccal cheek o Oral mouth o Mental chin o Otic ear Cervical Neck region Thoracic Chest o Sternal breastbone o Axillary armpit o Mammary breast Abdominal Inferior to ribs o Umbilical navel Pelvic Pelvis region o Inguinal groin Pubic Genital region Upper limb o Acromial point of shoulder o Brachial arm o Antecubical anterior elbow o Antebrachial forearm o Carpal wrist Manus Hand o Pollex thumb o Palmar palm o Digital fingers Lower limb o Coxal hip o Femoral thigh o Patellar kneecap o Crural leg o Fibular or peroneal side of leg Pedal Foot o Tarsal ankle o Digital toes o Hallux great toe Posterior dorsal View Cephalic Head o Otic ear o Occipital base of skull Cervical Neck region Dorsum Back o Scapular shoulder blade scapula o Vertebral spinal column o Lumbar b w ribs and hips loin o Sacral b w the hips sacrum o Gluteal buttocks o Perineal b w anus and genitals Upper limb o Acromial point of shoulder o Brachial arm o Olecranal posterior elbow o Antebrachial forearm o Carpal Manus Hand o Pollex thumb o Digital fingers Lower limb o Coxal hip o Femoral thigh o Popliteal back of knee o Sural calf of posterior leg o Fibular peroneal side of leg Pedal Foot o Calcaneal heel of foot o Plantar sole of foot Body Planes Pg 5 figure 1 3 Frontal Coronal anterior and posterior Sagittal right and left o Mid sagittal equal right and left Transverse superior and inferior Body Cavities and Membranes Pg 7 figure 1 5 Dorsal cavities surrounded by meninges o Cranial cavity contains brain o Vertebral cavity contrains spinal cord Ventral cavities surrounded by serous membrane 2 cavities separated by the diaphragm o Thoracic cavity o Abdomino pelvic cavity Cell Pg 35 figure 4 3 Organelles ID and give 1 function Abdominopelvic Divisions Pg 8 figure 1 6 4 Quadrants Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower 9 Regions Right Left hypochondriac Right Left lumbar Right Left iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric pubic Smooth ER lipid metabolism and drug detoxification Rough ER membrane factories synthesis of integral proteins and phospholipids in plasma Mitochondrion power house production of energy ATP by glucose breakdown aerobic membrane respiration Lysosome demolition crew powerful enzymes digest vesicles and biological molecules bone reabsorption to release calcium worn out organelles phagosomes Centrioles during cell division directs the formation of the mitotic spindles form cilia flagella projections called basal bodies Nucleolus assembly site for ribosomal particles Nucleus control center contains the genetic material DNA necessary for cell reproduction Ribosomes sites of protein synthesis free proteins in cytoplasm bound proteins for membrane or transported outside cell Golgi apparatus traffic director receives proteins and lipids from rER and modifies segregates and packages them to their specific destination membrane secretory vesicles or lysosomes Peroxisome contain powerful enzymes oxidase and catalase that neutralize harmful free radicals Cytoskeletal elements support cytoplasmic organelles and allow for movement microfilament intermediate filament microtubule Plasma membrane separates cell contents from surrounding environment determines which substances can enter exit cell Mitosis and Interphase Early Prophase Late Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Aspect of red blood cell in isotonic hypotonic hypertonic solution Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic Lab 2 Histology Pgs 48 62 Each tissue type know 1 location 1 function and be able to ID all tissues Epithelium o Simple squamous epithelium F secretes lubricating substances and allows passage of materials via diffusion and filtration L blood vessels lining of ventral body cavity o Simple cuboidal epithelium F secretion and absorption L kidney tubules o Simple columnar epithelium F secretion of mucus L nonciliated in digestive tract and ciliated in bronchi and uterus o Pseudostratified columnar epithelium F secretion of mucus ciliated versions propel mucus L ciliated variety line trachea URT non ciliated type in male sperm carying ducts o Stratified squamous epithelium F protects underlying tissues subject to abrasion L epidermis of skin or mouth o Stratified cuboidal epithelium F protection L sweat glands o Stratified columnar epithelium F protection and secretion L male urethra o Transitional epithelium F permits distention of urinary organ by contains urine L ureters and urinary bladder Connective tissues o Connective tissue proper loose o Connective tissue proper dense Areolar F wraps and cushions organs L packages organs and surrounds capillaries Adipose F insulates against heat loss L under skin Reticular F fibers form a soft internal skeleton to support other cell types L lymphoid organs lymph nodes bone marrow spleen Regular F attaches muscles to bones or to muscles and withstands tensile strength L tendons and ligaments Irregular F withstand tension exerted in many directions L fibrous joint capsules Elastic F allows recoil of tissue following stretching L walls of bronchial tubes o Cartilage Hyaline F resists compressive stress L cartilage of the nose Elastic F maintains shape of a structure while allowing flexibility L external ear Fibrocartilage F tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock L pinna intervertebral discs o Bones osseous tissue F provides levers for muscles to act on L bones o Blood F transport of nutrients and gases to the body L contained within blood vessels Muscle tissue o Skeletal muscle F voluntary movement and control L skeletal muscles attached to bones o Smooth muscle F involuntary control L walls of hollow organs o Cardiac muscle F as it contracts propels blood into the circulation L walls of heart Nervous Tissue F transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors L brain
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