Psyc Review GENERAL THERITACAL PROSPECTIVES Psychology the study of thought and behavior Social Biological Theory Way we react to things based on evolution and what the species has adapted to Example How we have evolved to take care of our children and protect them from harm Social Cultural Theory What we do base on what our cultures know and practice Example One female may choose to wear something different then another based on cultural differences Learning Theory The way we react based on potential positive and negative consequences Example After touching the stove one finds that it is hot and does not touch it again Social Cognitive Theory What we know and believe to be true Example one believes a certain type of toothpaste is the best based on what they know and have used before RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Naturalistic Observation naturally watching the participants without their knowledge Negative dropouts and fluctuations Positive convenient Self Report individuals report their own opinions based on a survey Negative researcher bias Positive easy and convenient Controlled Experiment one in which has a control group and an experimental group Positive serves for selection bias Negative trouble with manipulation Longitudal time case study over a lengthy period of time Positive shows how things change Negative takes a long period of time to complete Cross Sectional takes place between an age case study Negative Ages differ depending on the situation Positive allows for comparison between the groups Archival Study based off of previous evidence Negative the data may be out of date Positive all research is already done Correlation one thing is related with another but not directly caused by it Causation one thing is related to anther and one directly causes the other to happen Positive correlation when one thing goes up the other thing goes up as well Negative Correlation when one thing goes up the other thing goes down Independent Variable One variable that can act on its own without the help of another Dependent Variable how one variable acts depends on the other External Validity how a study can be generalized and be applied to other settings Probability Sampling each member has the equal opportunity to picked based on the sampling strategy Convenience Sampling taking whoever is right in front of them at that time Anyone who volunteers may be considered convenience sampling as well Random Assignment allows for all prior variables to be accounted for Conceptual variable operationalized for sampling a conceptual variable like measuring how much a particular person cares for someone else can only pre measured through operationalized variables such as smiling or nodding Random Sampling taking random people from the total population and using them in a study Random Assignment assigning the people to two or more different groups in order to account for prior variables and reduce bias BEHAIVORIAL PSYCHOLOGY Stimulus something you perceive or feel Classical Conditioning making someone feel a certain stimulus based on actions they are trained to preform a specific reaction Paplov used classical conditioning in order to train dogs to salivate upon hearing a bell Classically Conditioned association associating a particular stimulus with a response Example Little Albert and how he is trained to be afraid of the mouse Stimulus Generalization Knowing what one kind of stimulus is compared to another of the same kind AKA horns Discrimination differences between two different stimuli Counter Conditioning Systematic Desensitization expose over a period of time Flooding expose all at one time Positive reinforcement give something someone likes after doing something well Negative reinforcement Take away bad stimuli in order to promote good behavior Positive punishment Adding something to punish a person Negative Punishment Take away something good to show that you did something bad Primary reinforcement giving a desired stimulus after something good has occurred Secondary reinforcement giving a neutrally desired stimulus after something has occurred making it desirable Primary Punishment giving an undesired stimulus as a result of something negative Secondary Punishment giving a neutral stimulus which soon becomes negative after something bad has occurred Shaping a series of events that will lead up to a desired behavior Successive Approximation shaping in order to train to do a desired behavior Superstitious Behaviors thinks a certain event or consequence will happen after a task is preformed but it is not necessarily true COGNITION INTELLIENCE AND MEMORY Motivation Determines allocation ones focus ill be brought towards something of interest such as their name Cocktail Effect people might be talking but your attention is immediately draw to a familiar word of phrase which causes you to steer focus towards that conversation Heuristics Availability What you often hear seems more likely to happen then what you don t hear about but it might not be the case suicide vs murder Representative based on what the outer appearance is Confirmation bias supports what we already believe is true Maintenance Rehearsal Repeating a phrase over and over again in order to memorize Elaborative Rehearsal Pairing something you see over and over again or an image with a definition or story Makes things more Method of Loci Memorizing a grocery list Primacy the first thing that comes to mind based on the fact there was ability to pull it up an easy and accessible Regency something that you remember based on the fact it was said recently State dependent memory The state in which you are when you learn is he state in which will be the best to recall in the information Encoding learning material in a sound environment Storage being able to recall information based off of the way it is held Theory of Mind aware of yourself and your state in the world Can be tested with a mark on the cheek or the ape experiment Accessibility How ay it is to recall information BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS Axon carries the signal from the soma to the dendrites Axon Hillok Amplifies the signal Soma the brain of the neuron sends impulses to the axon hillock Dendrites receive the signal from other neurons Schwann Cells carry signal down the axon Presynaptic before the signal is received Post Synaptic after the signal has been received and sent out Exictaory a neuron in which can receive an impulse and send out a neuron Inhibitory receiving an impulse
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