If you have smaller brain reduced intelligence all you need is average sized brain and intelligence will come based on how your environment challenges you Only have to concern ourselves with changes in ph which small changes in is ok we have buffers Body systems complement each other ex Hearts and vessels 2 body cavities ventral breaks down into inferior abdominopelvic cavity and superior thoracic cavity vs dorsal both separated by the diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity subdivided into 9 regions or 9 quadrants 4 regions Each organ located in the body cavity is surrounded by membranes form compartments that house the organs theme of compartmentalization prevents spread of infection each organ is isolated to prevent spread of infection from organ to organ prevents interference from major organs as the organ perform their physiological functions The membranes surrounding the structures of the ventral body cavity are SEROUS membranes specific serous membranes are named for the organ they surround serous membrane surrounding the heart in called the thoeracic cavity is called the PERICARDIAL sac serous membrane surrounding the lung PLEURAL Sac Serous membrane surrounds structures organs in the abdomnopelvic cavity PERITONEAL Sac Dorsal body cavity smaller of the two cavities consists of superior cranial cavity BRAIN and the inferior vertebral cavity SPINAL CORD Brain and the spinal cord are surrounded by membranes called MENINGES Physiology function of the body which is dictated by the biochemical reactions occurring in the cells in the body What is the basis for these biochemical reactions Atoms want to achieve STABILITY by having a complete outermost shell valence shell Reactive atoms have incomplete valence shells orbitals Unreactive atoms have complete valence shells noble gases Structure of an atom atomic nucleus protons positive and neutrons uncharged overall charge of atomic nucleus is POSITIVE and shells orbitals orbit around the positively charged atomic nucleus The shells contain the electrons which are negatively charged sub atomical particles In an atom the number of protons equals number of electrons hence the overall charge of an atom is ZERO The atomic number specifically refers to the number of protons in an atom An atom with atomic number of 11 has 11 protons and 11 electrons 1st shell will have 2 electrons 2nd shell has 8 and third has 1 electron SEPTEMBER 9 Chemical Level bases for chemical reactions Atoms strive to achieve stability if the atoms have incomplete outermost valence shell to achieve stability these atoms accept electrons negatively charged an ions donate electrons positively charged cat ions An ions and cat ions form IONIC BONDS in chemical reactions Example Atom with atomic number 11 11 protons and 11 electrons 2 in the first shell 8 in second and 1 in the third shell to ahieve stability this atom sodium natrium Na will lost one electron in the third shell Na Atom with atomic number 17 chlorine 17 electrons 2 in first 8 in second and 7 in third accept one electron to complete the third shell Cl chloride ion Na and Cl form an ionic bond called sodium chloride Atoms may achieve stability by sharing electrons Example atom with atomic number 6 carbon which means 6 electrons 2 in first shell and 4 in second shell 2 carbon atoms will share 8 electrons between them When two atoms of the same type C C share electrons the electrons are equally spaced between the 2 electrons This type of sharing is called NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDING When electrons are shared between two different atoms one atoms pulls electrons closer to itself POLAR COVALENT BONDING Example covalent bonding between oxygen and hydrogen Typical polar compounds H2O Oxygen more negative and Hydrogen more positive 70 percent of the mass of any cell in the body is composed of water weak bonds called hydrogen bonds form between the electronegative atom and the electropositive atom because opposites attract hydrogen bonds form when electronegative atoms already involved in a polar covalent bond is attracted by an electropositive atom also already involved in a polar covalent bond Hydrogen bonds which are WEAK bonds are used to connect molecules to form MACROMOLECULES Based on chemical reactions 2 types of compounds in the human body are INORGANIC water acids bases salt and ORGANIC compounds carbs proteins lipids nucleic acids Water can act as a buffer it is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT Acids H donors and bases H acceptors Buffers resists abrupt changes in blood pH which is maintained strictly between 7 35 and 7 45 when the blood pH drops decreases becoming more acidic the term for this is ACIDOSIS buffer system resists this change acidosis by binding H to raise the pH back into the normal range When blood pH rises becoming more basic or alkaline ALKALOSIS and the buffer system resist alkalosis by releasing H into the blood to drop the blood pH back into normal range Salts form by ionic bonds between cat ions and an ions salts dissociate completely in water to give cat ions and an ions electrolytes Neurons dependent on glucose for energy production Organic compounds carbohydrates hydrated carbons hexose sugars and pentose sugars Hexose sugars 3 types glucose galactose and fructose Monosaccharides hextose sugars and pentose sugars Disaccharides combinations of hexose sugars 3 types maltose sucrose lactose Polysaccharides storage form of glucose in animal cells GLYCOGEN and in plant cells is STARCH 11th Neutral Fats saturated solid at room temp in large amounts in the bloodstream stimulate the production of LDL vs unsaturated liquid at room temp Fats are hydrophobic and they are transported in the blood coated by proteins to form LIPOPROTEINS Lipoproteins are described based on the fat lipid to protein ratio fat is less dense than proteins A lipoprotein with increased or higher fat content higher fat than protein is referred to as low dense lipoprotein 3 types of lipoproteins 1 very low density lipoproteins vLDL fat content greater than protein the major lipid in vLDL is triglycerides vLDL s transport triglycerides to the adipose cells in adipose tissue store triglycerides 2 LDL low density lipoproteins fat content proteins major lipid in LDL is cholesterol LDL s transport cholesterol to the plasma membrane where cholesterol maintains the integrity of the plasma membrane LDL s transport cholesterol to steroidogenic cells where cholesterol is used by these cells to synthesize the steroid hormones these steroid
View Full Document
Unlocking...