1 Ionic and Covalent Bonds a Ionic i Between two ions of opposite charges When one atom strips an electron away in an interaction ii Don t involve shared electrons only electrostatic interactions iii Much weaker than covalent bonds iv Characteristic of inorganic compounds b Covalent i When atoms share equally one or more valence electrons ii Not necessarily shared equally if shared unequally than bond is iii electronegativity describes the pull of an atom in an bond iv nonpolar binds are when the electron s are equally shared 2 Molecules are held together by a Hydrogen bonds polar solution i The small bind between hydrogen s and oxygen s in a water ii Are really weak iii Electrostatic interactions between atoms with partial charges b Hydrophobic interactions i Nonpolar molecules cluster together and try and have the least amount of the least of them touching water as possible so form clumps c Van der Waals bonds i Weak interactions between non polar molecules in the clump ii Temporary and charges caused by movement of electrons causes this weak attraction 3 Properties of Carbohydrates a How do they get across membranes i It depends on whether they are polar or non polar polar molecules go across the membrane through facilitated diffusion whereas non polar can simply diffuse across the nonpolar area in the intermembraneous space b how to recognize an asymmetrical carbon i Carbon atoms with 4 different atoms or groups attached 4 Properties of Lipids a Why do phospholipids form bilayers i Phospholipids form bilayers because they have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails so arrange in a formation so that the tails are protected from the water and the heads get to bathe in the water b What are the properties of biological membranes i Biological membranes have a polar outer skin and a nonpolar area within the membrane c How do ions water sugars O2 get across 5 What are proteins i Ions water sugars and o2 get across through the use of gap junctions which are the communication lines between most cells d What determines the stability of a fatty acid i The stability of the fatty acid is determined by whether or not it is a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid ii Unsaturated fat has a bend in the hydrocarbon chain due to the presence of a double bond whereas saturated fatty acids have straight tails iii This bend allows more space between the molecules which lessens the stability of the fatty acid which is why margarine is a paste and butter is a solid margarine has more unsaturated fat than butter a What gives each protein a unique tertiary structure i The tertiary structure is determined solely by the primary structure and the identity of the R groups 1 polar r groups and charged r groups are hydrophilic and want to be in contact with water b What are primary secondary tertiary quaternary structure of proteins i Primary structure is the initial structure in the 2d sense the amino ii Secondary Structure is the formation of alpha helix or beta pleated iii Tertiary structure is the whole mass of 3 dimensional shape of a acid sequence sheets polypeptide polypeptide iv Quaternary the whole interactions between different polypeptides and all of their various structures c How do proteins interact with other proteins i Can contain cavities where other molecules interact by fitting into the space and forming hydrogen bonds with amino acid R groups i Protein dimmer is two polypeptides that interact to form the final d What is a protein dimmer protein e How are proteins folded i Proteins are folded by chaperones which take the protein into them to prevent the protein from interacting with other proteins while folding and causing mutations and misfolding f What is the consequence of misfolded proteins i Consequence of misfolded proteins is that they are sticky because there is nonpolar groups touching water and so to prevent that they stick to other proteins and eventually form a big insoluable mess this causes disease 1 proteins go through some intermediates before getting to final shape and these intermediates may be sticky chaperone usually prevents this stickiness from sticking to other proteins g What are some functions of membrane proteins i Membrane proteins are proteins that get misfolded and get into the membrane acting like an ion channel this disrupts the cells electrical activity 6 RNA and DNA a What is the difference between RNA secondary structure and the DNA secondary structure helix i The secondary structure of DNA is in a double stranded alpha ii The secondary structure of RNA is the hydrogen bonds between nearby bases RNA is going to fold onto itself to become more stable b Why do hydrogen bonds form between nucleotide bases i Hydrogen bonds form because of the closeness of hydrogen and oxygen s in the nucleotide bases and the molecule will want to fold until it is in the most stable form c What is the differences between peptide bonds and phosphodiester bonds i Phosphodiester bond is one between nucleotides in RNA or DNA ii Peptide bonds are between polypeptides in the secondary structure of the RNA or DNA d How do proteins interact with RNA and DNA i Proteins interact with RNA and DNA by using hydrogen binds electrostatic interactions van der waals interactions hydrophobic interactions e What is RNA tertiary structure i Long distance base pairing between bases that appear single stranded in the secondary structure causes folding of the molecule into three dimensions 7 Compare and Contrast animal and plant cells a How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes i Eukaryotes 1 nucleus and separated compartments for different organelles contains nucleus and chromosomes 2 allow for high concentration of molecules that need to interact with each other 3 many more ribosomes 4 nucleoli 5 double membrane around nucleus ii Prokaryotes 1 cell wall outside of membrane 2 slime surrounds cell wall called capsule 3 nucleoid where the genetic material is kept 4 photosynthesis able a extensive internal membranes derived from plasma membrane to house proteins involved in photosynthesis 5 moveable ones a have whip like flagella to propel themselves around b What are the basic functions of the organelles i Mitochondria the solution 1 produces ATP and some proteins mostly involved with the production of energy 1 where photosynthesis takes place ii Chloroplasts iii E R 1 smooth a rough 2 iv Golgi Apparatus 1 v Lysosomes things vi Peroxisomes lipid synthesis and drug detoxification a protein synthesis
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