Jenna Strauss BSCI 201 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 REVIEW SHEET 1 Anatomy is the study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each other Physiology is the study of the function of the body parts Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing all eleven organ systems work in unison to sustain the human body 2 The statement structure defines function means the principle of complementary of structure and function This means that the levels of the structural organization have to work together 3 The Cavities a Dorsal cavity consists of the cranial and the vertebral cavities b Ventral cavity consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities 4 The levels of organization are the chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules the Cellular level cells are made up of molecules the Tissue level Tissues consist of smaller types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ System level Organ Systems consist of different organs that work closely together and the Organismal level the human organism is made up of many organ systems An organism is the living animal or plant which represents the sum total of all its organ systems working together to maintain life 5 THE CHEMICAL LEVEL Protons are positively charged subatomic particles located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleus number of protons in an atom is specifically referred to as the atomic number Neutrons are the uncharged subatomic particles located inside the atomic nucleus Elections are negatively charged subatomic particles located in orbit shells surrounding the atomic nucleus 6 The overall charge of the atomic nucleus is positive because it made up of neutral neutrons and positively charged protons 7 The net charge of an atom is zero because in an atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons and therefore the overall charge of an atom is zero which means the atom is electrically neutral 8 Three types of chemical bonds are a Covalent Bonds where the electrons are shared between atoms to attain stability and there are two types of covalent bonds which are i Non polar Covalent Bonds where electrons are shared equally between the atoms involved like CO2 Carbon Dioxide These are also weaker that Polar Covalent Bonds ii Polar Covalent Bonds where there is an unequal sharing of electrons and one atom pulls the shared electrons closer to itself and such an atom is referred to as an electronegative atom and the other atom is referred to as an electropositive atom example is H2O water molecule where O is the electronegative atom and H is the electropositive atom b Ionic Bonds this involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another The Ionic bond forms between cations and anions because opposites attract c Hydrogen Bonds these are a weaker bond that forms between Hydrogen atoms electropositive and electronegative ions Hydrogen bonds form between atoms already involved in Polar Covalent Bonds 9 In Ionic Bonds there is a complete transfer of electrons from one atom to the other resulting in charged particles called ions The atom donating the electrons becomes positively charged ion called a Cation and the atom accepting the electrons becomes a negatively charged ion called an Anion 10 Inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon except for Carbon dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Inorganic compounds are Water Acids Bases and Salts Water is a Polar Covalent molecule and it is most abundant in the body also known as the universal solvent Acids are substances that release Hydrogen Ions H and protons which makes them known as proton donors Bases are substances that except H and are known as Proton acceptors Salts are ionic compounds that dissociate in water to give Cations and Anions 11 Organic Compounds contain carbons that are covalently bonded a Carbohydrates contain monosaccharide which are soluble in water and there are two types which include Hexose Glucose Fructose and Galactose with a formula of CH20 6 and includes Pentose which is Deoxyribose and Ribose with a formula of CH20 5 Disaccharides are composed of 2 Hexose sugars and are sweet and soluble in water There are three types which are Maltose Grain sugar made up of glucose and glucose Sucrose Table sugar made up of glucose and fructose and Lactose milk sugar which is made from glucose and galactose Polysaccharides are composed of long chains of glucose storage form of glucose known as starch in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells which is not sweet and insoluble in water b The four structural levels of proteins are the primary structure which is the linear polypeptide chain indication of the type and position of the amino acid The secondary structure which is either an alpha helix coiled coiled polypeptide chain or a beta pleated sheet a polypeptide chains linked side by side The Tertiary structure is the secondary structure fold upon themselves to give a compact globular molecule which is a 3D structure The last level is the Quaternary structure which is 2 or more polypeptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds c The two classes of Protein are the Fibrous Proteins which are extended strand like and insoluble in water and provide mechanical support and tensile strength as the main building mater in the body which is why they are known as the Structural Proteins Then there are Globular Proteins which are compact ball like and soluble in water and sensitive to pH and temperature changes These are chemically active and they mediate all the biochemical reactions occurring in the body which is why globular proteins are known as Functional Proteins d Lipids are hydrophobic substances that are Insoluble in water There are four types which include i Neutral fats which are composed of glycerol backbones and 3 fatty acid chains attached which looks like the letter E they also are triglycerides Saturated fats are single covalent bonds that exist between carbons in the chain and are solid at room temperature like animal sources and butter they also increase LDL Unsaturated fats have at least one double covalent bond in the carbon chain and are a plant source and an example is olive oil ii Phospholipids are composed of glycerol backbones 2 free fatty acid chains and a phosphorous containing group They have hydrophobic non polar tails and hydrophilic polar heads iii Steroids are derived from Cholesterol iv Eicosanoids are
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