COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 3 31 2009 1 3 31 2009 2 3 31 2009 3 3 31 2009 4 Piagetian Stages Related to Youth Development Piagetian Perspective z Fixed sequence of qualitatively different stages z Fundamentally different than child thinking z Utilized in variety of settings and situations Concrete operations z z Incorporates new more advanced and more adaptive form of reasoning Occurs when biological readiness and increasingly complex environmental demands create cognitive disequilibrium z 6 11 years Mastery of logic Development of rational thinking Formal operations z z z 11 years Development of abstract and hypothetical reasoning Development of propositional logic 276 3 31 2009 5 3 31 2009 6 Piaget Pros and Cons Developmental of Formal Operations z Pros Emergent z Early adolescence Variable usage depends on conditions surrounding assessment z z z Established Developmental differences Multidimensionality Metacognition Late adolescence Consolidated and integrated into general approach to reasoning 7 3 31 2009 z Study of cognitive development in component processes z Fails to prove Stage like fashion of cognition FO is adolescent cognitive stage z Fails to account for variability Between children Within child Within specific situations 8 3 31 2009 z Incorporates same techniques to understanding human reasoning that computer scientists employ in writing programs 9 3 31 2009 Cons Changes in Information Processing Information Processing View z Catalyst for much research Accounts for many changes observed during adolescence Helps explain Gains during adolescence help to explain developmental differences in abstract multidimensional and hypothetical thinking 10 3 31 2009 Changes Thinking about Thinking Include five basic areas Metacognition improves during adolescence z z z z z 3 31 2009 Thinks about own thoughts selfconsciousness Monitors own learning processes more efficiently Paces own studying Attention Memory Information processing speed Organizational strategies Metacognition 11 3 31 2009 12 Adolescent Egocentrism z Imaginary audience Belief that one is center of everyone else s concern and attention z School Performance Personal fables Egocentric belief that one s experiences are unique z Assessment methodology May be right about existence of adolescent egocentrism but wrong about underlying processes 13 3 31 2009 True or False 3 31 2009 14 True or False True z The mean grade point average for college bound seniors was 3 3 out of a scale of 4 compared with 3 1 a decade ago More than 40 percent of seniors reported average grades of A A or A College Board 2005 z Independent measures of achievement such as SAT scores have not risen Consequently a more likely explanation for the higher grades is the phenomenon of grade inflation According to this view it is not that students have changed Instead instructors have become more lenient awarding higher grades for the same performance Grades awarded to high school students have shifted upward in the last decade What consequences does this have potentially for college bound students 15 3 31 2009 Socioeconomic Status and School Performance z 3 31 2009 16 How do adolescents connect using technology z E mails z Instant messages IMs z Web logs blogs z Websites z Chat rooms z Cell phones z Camcorders Individual Differences in Achievement z 3 31 2009 Children living in poverty lack many advantages Later school success builds heavily on basic skills presumably learned or not learned early in school 17 3 31 2009 18 Cyberspace Adolescents Online The Downside of Click Objectionable material available Growing problem of Internet gambling z Safety z Digital divide z z Poorer adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent adolescents and members of socially advantaged groups a phenomenon known as the digital divide 3 31 2009 19 3 31 2009 20
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