Emotion Young Browne et al 1977 tested 3mo olds discrimination 1 1 31 2008 Emotions 9 month olds Can infants discriminate vocal expressions Walker Andrews Grolnick 1983 Habituated to a slide of a facial expression paired with a vocal expression At test changed vocal expression 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 2 1 Emotional Regulation z The process of initiating inhibiting and modulating internal feeling states and related physiological processes cognitions and behaviors 3 1 31 2008 Emotion Regulation Near the end of the first year infants use information about others emotional expressions to regulate their behavior Klinnert 1987 studied 12 month olds behavior in relation to mothers expressions 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 4 2 Emotion Regulation Mothers use infants social referencing to help shape emotional reactions When infants encounter a new event and exhibit surprise but are not sure how to respond parents may smile at them 5 1 31 2008 Emotion Regulation Early in infancy interactions are faceto face and patterns develop Interactional synchrony between mother and infant Once established they then get involved in turn taking answering each other s responses In fact if mother fails to respond to an infant response the infant shows distress 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 6 3 Emotional Intelligence The ability to monitor one s own and others feelings and emotions to discriminate amongst them use this information to guide one s thinking and action Emotional intelligence can predict the success of social interactions and interpersonal relationships 7 1 31 2008 Measuring Emotional Intelligence z There are two broad views Emotional Intelligence as acquired ability e g Mayer Salovey 2000 Emotional Intelligence as both ability and traits e g Bar On 1997 Goleman 1995 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 8 4 Emotional Intelligence Mayor Salovey Model 1993 Managing Emotions Developing Awareness Emotional Intelligence Reading Emotions Handling Relationships 9 1 31 2008 Emotional Intelligence Goleman 1995 Relationships Sensitivity Ability to activate emotions Manage one s emotional states Identify one s emotional states 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 10 5 Chronology of Emotional Development Period Emotional development 1 12 months 12 24 months Expresses interest distress fear anxiety and anger Uses words to describe emotions Regulates emotions displays guilt shame and envy Understands cause and effect of emotions Can use calculated tantrums and emotional outbursts 36 48 months 11 1 31 2008 Social Emotional Growth Chart Greenspan 2004 Quicker Progress Slower Progress 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 12 6 Self Conscious Emotions z At the age of about 2 years children become aware of certain emotions e g guilt shame pride and embarrassment and the links these emotions have to other people s reactions z Self conscious emotions can influence self esteem 13 1 31 2008 Gender differences z z z z Females are generally more expressive and more sensitive to other people and their emotions than men Bukatko Daehler 2001 Girls tend to show more positive emotions than boys Socially girls are encouraged to smile more than boys Females tend to internalize emotions while males externalize 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 14 7 Temperament Basic personality traits Fussy mellow calm happy Infants behavioral style Strong genetic component Identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins on traits such as irritability fear in the visual cliff etc 15 1 31 2008 Temperament Are personality traits temperament stable with age Some traits in particular negative ones e g fear attention span reaction to novelty and activity level seem to be very stable Beyond this it is not clear whether stability or lack of it is due to genetics or environment Not clear whether traits are evident in the fetus evidence is contradictory 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 16 8 Individual differences in emotional development Chess Thomas 1977 Thomas Chess 1991 Temperament Development The easy child Adapts well to people and novel situations Usually in positive mood The difficult child Often in negative mood Intense reactions to people and situations Slow to warm up Tendency to withdraw from child unfamiliar situations Will get involved when assured 17 1 31 2008 Temperament Difficult babies are found to have more behavioral problems as they get older But not necessarily in adulthood Pattern may reflect parental style 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 18 9 Definition of Attachment An enduring emotional tie to a special person characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness especially during times of stress 19 1 31 2008 Attachment Determinants Infant s Temperament Easy Secure Attachment Difficult Insecure Attachment Maternal Responsiveness Show interactional synchrony and turn taking 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 20 10 Parental Style Two components Parental warmth support affection vs rejection shame Parental control discipline and regulation vs unsupervised 21 1 31 2008 Parental Style Authoritative high in warmth control Predictable environment Has the most positive effects Children tend to be academically successful selfconfident independent Authoritarian low on warmth high in control Parents are controlling demanding by threats and punishment Children are aggressive have conduct problems 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 22 11 Parental Style Permissive high in warmth low in control No structure or predictability to environment few limits on behaviors Children are impulsive immature behaviorally out of control Indifferent low on warmth control Few limits little attention and support Children are disobedient and demanding and do not participate in social interactions 23 1 31 2008 Roots of Attachment Theory John Bowlby applied ethology to infants Influenced by Konrad Lorenz Infant s innate behaviors are evolved responses that promote survival 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 24 12 Importance of Attachment Implications for infant s sense of security Affects internal working model Freud Erikson Behaviorists described its impact on development 25 1 31 2008 Attachment in Behaviorism Harlow Zimmerman 1959 1 31 2008 Developmental Psychology Lecture 6 26 13 27 1 31 2008 Bowlby s Four Stages of Attachment Preattachment phase Birth 6 weeks Baby s innate signals attract caregiver Caregivers
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