COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 3 31 2009 1 3 31 2009 2 3 31 2009 3 3 31 2009 4 Piagetian Perspective z Fixed sequence of qualitatively different stages z Fundamentally different than child thinking z Utilized in variety of settings and situations Incorporates new more advanced and more adaptive form of reasoning Occurs when biological readiness and increasingly complex environmental demands create cognitive disequilibrium 276 5 3 31 2009 Piagetian Stages Related to Youth Development Concrete operations z z z 6 11 years Mastery of logic Development of rational thinking Formal operations z z z 3 31 2009 11 years Development of abstract and hypothetical reasoning Development of propositional logic 6 Developmental of Formal Operations z Emergent Early adolescence Variable usage depends on conditions surrounding assessment z Established Late adolescence Consolidated and integrated into general approach to reasoning 7 3 31 2009 Piaget Pros and Cons Pros z z z Catalyst for much research Accounts for many changes observed during adolescence Helps explain Developmental differences Multidimensionality Metacognition 3 31 2009 Cons z Fails to prove Stage like fashion of cognition FO is adolescent cognitive stage z Fails to account for variability Between children Within child Within specific situations 8 Information Processing View z Study of cognitive development in component processes z Incorporates same techniques to understanding human reasoning that computer scientists employ in writing programs 9 3 31 2009 Changes in Information Processing z 3 31 2009 Gains during adolescence help to explain developmental differences in abstract multidimensional and hypothetical thinking 10 Changes Include five basic areas z z z z z Attention Memory Information processing speed Organizational strategies Metacognition 11 3 31 2009 Thinking about Thinking Metacognition improves during adolescence Thinks about own thoughts selfconsciousness Monitors own learning processes more efficiently Paces own studying 3 31 2009 12 Adolescent Egocentrism z Imaginary audience Belief that one is center of everyone else s concern and attention z Personal fables Egocentric belief that one s experiences are unique z Assessment methodology May be right about existence of adolescent egocentrism but wrong about underlying processes 3 31 2009 13 School Performance 3 31 2009 14 True or False Grades awarded to high school students have shifted upward in the last decade 3 31 2009 15 True or False True z The mean grade point average for college bound seniors was 3 3 out of a scale of 4 compared with 3 1 a decade ago More than 40 percent of seniors reported average grades of A A or A College Board 2005 z Independent measures of achievement such as SAT scores have not risen Consequently a more likely explanation for the higher grades is the phenomenon of grade inflation According to this view it is not that students have changed Instead instructors have become more lenient awarding higher grades for the same performance What consequences does this have potentially for college bound students 3 31 2009 16 Socioeconomic Status and School Performance Individual Differences in Achievement z z Children living in poverty lack many advantages Later school success builds heavily on basic skills presumably learned or not learned early in school 3 31 2009 17 How do adolescents connect using technology z E mails z Instant messages IMs z Web logs blogs z Websites z Chat rooms z Cell phones z Camcorders 3 31 2009 18 Cyberspace Adolescents Online 19 3 31 2009 The Downside of Click Objectionable material available z Growing problem of Internet gambling z Safety z Digital divide z Poorer adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent adolescents and members of socially advantaged groups a phenomenon known as the digital divide 3 31 2009 20
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