ANNOUNCEMENTS z First Midterm is THURSDAY Bring a gray scantron Come early because we ll start right on time Eswen is holding a review session TODAY after class in PSYC 106 z Eswen will be available during my office hours this Thursday 12 1 see her in PSYC 413 I will NOT be in my office z 1 2 12 2008 Zygotic Period z Conception to time blastocyst implants in uterine wall Rapid multiplication of cells Cells begin to differentiate Ectoderm will become skin hair sensory organs nervous system Endoderm will become digestive and respiratory system Mesoderm third layer emerges a bit later will become circulatory and skeletal muscular system Other parts of blastocyst develop into placenta 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology 2 1 Embryonic Period Third to eighth week z Most important stage in terms of differentiation of organs limbs and physiological systems By end all organs have been differentiated although not fully developed Critical period for many aspects of physical development Drugs and other teratogens have greater impact on development now than at any other time As many as one half of all embryos are spontaneously aborted during this period 3 2 12 2008 Specifics z When the blastocyst starts to penetrate into the wall of the uterus the inner cell mass embryoblast also develops z The embryoblast forms a bilaminar two layered embryo composed of the epiblast and the hypoblast z The epiblast now called primitive ectoderm will perform gastrulation approximately at day 16 after fertilization In this process it gives rise to all three germ layers of the embryo ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm The hypoblast or primitive endoderm will give rise to extraembryonic structures only such as the lining of the primary yolk sac z NOTE You will not be tested on this 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology 4 2 2 12 2008 NOTE You will not be tested on this 5 Language Acquisition z Fact Every child learns at least one language Learning one language doesn t depend on intelligence z 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology Children produce new never before heard phrases they are productive language users 6 3 Reception vs Production z Children can often understand more than they can produce Receptive language Productive language 7 2 12 2008 Cognitive Capacity vs Formal Complexity z Cognitive capacity Developmental stage of the child Consistent across children z Formal complexity How hard something is to express in a given language Varies across languages 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology 8 4 Goal State 9 2 12 2008 Reality Components of Language z Phonetics Speech sounds z Phonology Rules governing the structure and sequencing of speech sounds z Grammar Syntax Rules for word arrangement in sentences Morphology Use of grammatical morphemes markers to indicate meaning e g tense case person gender etc z Semantics Word meaning how underlying concepts are expressed in words and word combinations z 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology Pragmatics Communicative aspect of language e g turn taking gesture tone of voice etc 10 5 Sounds Change from babbling to pronouncing words happens late in first year z Children give up relative freedom playing with sounds and begin to vocalize particular sounds and sound sequences unique to their language community z 11 2 12 2008 Phonological Development 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology 12 6 Words Genuine words appear only late in child s first year after much babbling z First words z protowords sounds used as words but not part of the native language e g kee kee Relational words Terms for success failure e g hooray uh oh Words for important people 13 2 12 2008 Word Stages z Holophrastic stage single words representing entire sentence z Naming explosion after learning about 50 words child realizes all objects have names and rapidly learns new words z Fast mapping process whereby child quickly acquires and retains new words after hearing them applied to their referents only once or twice z z 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology Overextension Underextension 14 7 15 2 12 2008 Telegraphic Speech z Early words consist solely of content words and omit the less meaningful parts of speech e g articles prepositions pronouns Explicit Ordered Telegraphic z z 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology Ability of child to communicate is measured not by how many words they can string together but by average number of meaningful sounds per sentence MLU mean length of utterance average number of meaningful units morphemes in a child s utterance 16 8 Semantic Development 17 2 12 2008 Sentences z 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology At about 18 to 24 months children combine words into simple sentences that are remarkably similar across cultures 18 9 19 2 12 2008 Grammatical Development 2 12 2008 Developmental Psychology 20 10 Pragmatics z Rules for specifying when to say what to whom or the ability to select words and word orderings that are appropriate to the actions in a particular context Conversational acts Conversational conventions Taking account of the listener 2 12 2008 21 2 12 2008 22 Developmental Psychology 11
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