PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture #17 – More on Memory and Forgetting Outline of Last Lecture I. Schedulesa. Continuous b. Intermittent c. Positive punishment d. Negative punishment II. Chapter 8 – Memorya. Process by which information is acquired, stored in the brain, and later retrieved. b. Constructive memory III. Memorya. Episodic, Semantic, Procedural, Prospective IV. Implicit vs. Explicit V. Sensory Memorya. Holds information long enough for future processing. b. Short Term MemoryOutline of Current LectureI. Long Term Memorya. What we usually think of as memoryb. Categories1. Formal – artificial2. Natural – no fixed features in mind, fluid categoriesc. Prototypei. Personal best example of a category, most typical and familiar type of memory. d. Schemasi. Patterns of knowledge that help us organize information, put our categories together. 1. Script – specific schema for how certain events should unfold. II. Basic Process of MemoryIII. Memory and the braini. Hippocampus ii. Amygdala iii. Cerebellum IV. ForgettingLecture 16 NotesI. Long Term Memorya. What we usually think of as memoryb. Semantic encoding dominatesi. Multiple encodings can occurii. Storage capacity is believed to be unlimited (memory cannot get full). c. Categoriesi. Networks of associated memories that have common features. 1. Formal – artificial2. Natural – no fixed features in mind, fluid categoriesd. Prototypei. Personal best example of a category, most typical and familiar type of memory. 1. For example, when someone says dog, the image that comes to mind is usually the dog you or your family owns. (If you have a dog). e. Schemasi. Patterns of knowledge that help us organize information, put our categories together. 1. Script – specific schema for how certain events should unfold. 2. What you should do/expect3. We do not notice until they go wrong usuallya. Elevators and public placesII. Basic Process of Memorya. Encoding – the process of coding information into a neutral formatb. Occurs as information is encounteredi. Acoustic – soundsii. Visual – sightiii. Semantic – meaningc. Storage – through consolidation short term is converted into long-term memory and stuck there. Neutral connections in our brain have literally changed to something new, something with meaning. i. Brain has physically changed ii. Consolidationd. Retrievali. Find information in memory and bring it forward to consciousness. ii. Reconsolidation is the process where memories are consolidated once again after they have been retrieved, this is why studying over time is so important. III. Memory and the braina. There is no one location for memoryb. Visual memories have been said to come primarily from the occipital lobe.i. Hippocampus – essential for consolidating specific memory transfer points from short term to long term. Severe damage can cause anterior grade amnesia, which disables the person from consolidating new long-term memories. ii. Amygdala – important to emotional memory, especially fear based ones. 1. If this part were damaged you would still know that you are afraid of former fears but you would not feel it, nor would you develop new ones. 2. Risky decision-making process – gambling for instance. More likely to bet with high risk and a low payoff. iii. Cerebellum – motor functioning and agility. Procedural memories, muscle memory, skill memory and associative learning. IV. Forgettinga. Method of savings – difference between amount of time it takes to learn something and amount it takes to re learn. i. Failure to pay attentionii. Differences in the savings, opposite of forgetting, what you keep. 1. Can be a good thing. 2. Learning the first time could take 4 hours, but the second time, you remember after 2 hours…essentially saved half of
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