PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture 17 More on Memory and Forgetting Outline of Last Lecture I Schedules a Continuous b Intermittent c Positive punishment d Negative punishment II Chapter 8 Memory a Process by which information is acquired stored in the brain and later retrieved b Constructive memory III Memory a Episodic Semantic Procedural Prospective IV Implicit vs Explicit V Sensory Memory a Holds information long enough for future processing b Short Term Memory Outline of Current Lecture I Long Term Memory a What we usually think of as memory b Categories 1 Formal artificial 2 Natural no fixed features in mind fluid categories c Prototype i Personal best example of a category most typical and familiar type of memory d Schemas i Patterns of knowledge that help us organize information put our categories together 1 Script specific schema for how certain events should unfold II Basic Process of Memory III Memory and the brain i Hippocampus ii Amygdala iii Cerebellum IV Forgetting Lecture 16 Notes I Long Term Memory a What we usually think of as memory b Semantic encoding dominates i Multiple encodings can occur ii Storage capacity is believed to be unlimited memory cannot get full c Categories i Networks of associated memories that have common features 1 Formal artificial 2 Natural no fixed features in mind fluid categories d Prototype i Personal best example of a category most typical and familiar type of memory 1 For example when someone says dog the image that comes to mind is usually the dog you or your family owns If you have a dog e Schemas i Patterns of knowledge that help us organize information put our categories together 1 Script specific schema for how certain events should unfold 2 What you should do expect 3 We do not notice until they go wrong usually a Elevators and public places II Basic Process of Memory a Encoding the process of coding information into a neutral format b Occurs as information is encountered i Acoustic sounds ii Visual sight iii Semantic meaning c Storage through consolidation short term is converted into longterm memory and stuck there Neutral connections in our brain have literally changed to something new something with meaning i Brain has physically changed ii Consolidation d Retrieval i Find information in memory and bring it forward to consciousness ii Reconsolidation is the process where memories are consolidated once again after they have been retrieved this is why studying over time is so important III Memory and the brain a There is no one location for memory b Visual memories have been said to come primarily from the occipital lobe i Hippocampus essential for consolidating specific memory transfer points from short term to long term Severe damage can cause anterior grade amnesia which disables the person from consolidating new long term memories ii Amygdala important to emotional memory especially fear based ones 1 If this part were damaged you would still know that you are afraid of former fears but you would not feel it nor would you develop new ones 2 Risky decision making process gambling for instance More likely to bet with high risk and a low payoff iii Cerebellum motor functioning and agility Procedural memories muscle memory skill memory and associative learning IV Forgetting a Method of savings difference between amount of time it takes to learn something and amount it takes to re learn i Failure to pay attention ii Differences in the savings opposite of forgetting what you keep 1 Can be a good thing 2 Learning the first time could take 4 hours but the second time you remember after 2 hours essentially saved half of it
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