PSYC 107 1st Edition FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE ALL COMPILED REVIEWS Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 2 10 Lecture 2 August 28 No lecture from day 1 of class 8 26 What is Psychology Is it a science Yes it is the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes with the goal of applying the resulting knowledge in the service of human welfare What are three Psychological subfields and what do they entail Biological Psychology is the study of hormones and biological processes Personality Psychology describes the things that make you you and also things that make you similar to other people Community Psychology looks at how to develop small groups of people to prevent mental health problems How does the spectrum of Psychology move broadest to least broad Broadest Cultural Social Individual Biological Narrowest List all the Schools of Psychology Be able to define talk about each of these a bit Structuralism Psychodynamic Functionalism Behaviorism Cognitive Social Cultural and Evolutionary Lecture 3 August 30 How does one go about conducting Ethical Research There is an institutional review board is a group of people who are responsible for making decisions about the cost benefit analysis They also decide whether the trial is worth it depending on the type What is Validity and why is it important in psychological studies Validity is the extent to which conclusions drawn in research are legitimate Validity is important because there are factors outliers that make it difficult to make the study look authentic What are the 3 Parts of an Ethical Experiment Law Theory and Hypothesis What ways can one design research Descriptive Correlational Experimental Naturalistic Case Studies and Surveys Lecture 4 September 2 Explain the independent and dependent variables in an experiment why do they exist The Dependent Variable talks about the outcome this is the part that we don t know beforehand whereas the independent Variable is the part that gets controlled in some way throughout the course of the experiment What are Confounding Variables Confounding variables are other factors that could cause differences to the control group and the experimental group They are threats to validity and can harm the outcome To avoid this there are random assignments and placebo effects implemented to avoid any form of bias or conflict from the patient or experimenter What are mean median and mode The median is the number in the middle after all numbers are lined up consecutively The mode is the most popular number in a set of numbers Finally the mean adds all the numbers up and divides by total number of numbers basically the average What is the fundamental rule of correlation CORRELATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION Lecture 5 September 4 How is correlation defined numerically Correlation is charted from 1 to 1 Example Number of drinks increases as does the likelihood of saying something stupid Number of drinks increases as the ability to drive decreases Inverse What are the three main stages of Prenatal Development First the Zygote that is first 2 weeks of development rapid cellular division Next comes the Embryo starting at 2 weeks and ending at 2 months of pregnancy This is where the high risk of congenital defects happens at this age Finally the last stage is the fetus starting at 3rd month until the end of pregnancy Increased growth and organ function by 7 months all systems are functioning but they are immature What is there to know about newborns They Sleep 70 of the time but not when you want them to They can see large objects up close but far vision is blurry They do not have very good selective listening skills and have highly involuntary reflexes Lecture 6 September 6 How do you explain the four parenting styles See chart in original lecture notes for better depiction Authoritative helpful to their kids supportive but also good at motivating them to succeed Responsive but firm Permissive little guidance and discipline and lots of love and support They don t really set goals for their kids though Authoritarian unsympathetic strict supportive but everything has to be done the way they want otherwise it is wrong Rejecting Neglecting no expectations no care or support They are never available to love or support the child Don t care selfish What is Piaget s Theory Piaget reasoned that children are qualitatively different from adults and that all thinking proceeds in the same stages in a similar order He really became interested in this because he found that the five year olds would make the same mistake and the three year olds would make the same mistakes Lecture 7 September 9 Explain Kohlberg s Moral Development Theory Kohlberg differed from Piaget in that he analyzed how cognitive skill translated into morality A lot of his ideas are very western and a lot of his research fundamental to understanding psychology What are the Pre Conventional Conventional and Post Conventional stages Pre Conventional looks at the idea that people are generally selfish Conventional thought applies to when you are concerned with the conventions of society norms laws and rules Post Conventional is all about the personal moral code standards justice equality and human rights Lecture 8 September 11 What are Erickson s Theories Erickson focused a lot on stages and the fundamental periods in each stage of life His theories Trust Mistrust Autonomy versus Shame and Guilt Initiative versus Guilt Industry versus Inferiority Identity versus Role Confusion Intimacy versus Isolation Generality versus Stagnation Integrity versus Despair all looked at the negative or positive connotation of that stage in life and the deeper thoughts of life as people aged How does the Human Nervous System work A range of functions and mechanisms in the body combine to make the Nervous System function properly Glial Cells work like glue in the brain and help neurons send thousands upon thousands of signals per cell per second Then dendrites of one neuron detect signals from axons of other neurons and then those axons send signals away from neurons to other cells How do Neurons communicate Neurons communicate through a microscopic space called a synapse and signals occur across synapses allowing other cells to speak to your brain cells Then neurotransmitters chemicals are released from vesicles to carry signals from pre synapses to post synapses Lecture 9 September 13 How are neural signals integrated There are a bunch of synapses everywhere and these signals fade