PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture #15 – Conditioning and Mental ShapingOutline of Last Lecture I. Dreaming Recapa. Everyone dreamsb. REM – No deep critical thinking, accept any logic, prefrontal lobes are not fully active. c. TheoriesII. Psychoactive Drugsa. Stimulants – fire you up. b. Depressants – reduce CNS activityc. Opioids – reduce pain d. Hallucinogens – alter sensation and perceptionIII. Learninga. Process through which experience modifies pre existing behavior and understanding. b. Pavlov – studied dog digestion systemOutline of Current LectureI. Learning II. Timinga. Important how this is doneb. Signal strength is also key III. Operant Conditioning a. Organisms learn responses by operating on the environment based onwhat is happening after we behave. i. Law of effect – ThorndikeIV. Shapinga. Reinforce successive approximationsb. Negative reinforcement c. Escape conditioning d. Avoidance conditioning e. Primary reinforcersf. Secondary reinforcers Lecture 15 NotesI. Learning a. CS – something that used to be neutral but is now a symbol for something.b. Acquisition – Learning the CSc. Extinction – disappearance of the CRd. Reconditioning – paring in go f the CS with the UCS after extinction. e. Spontaneous recovery – CR will reappear if time has passed since extinction. It gets learned faster the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, time ect. f. Stimulus generalizationi. Neutral stimuli similar to the CS may also elicit a similar conditioned response. 1. Likely to produce the same thing2. Different – not likely to produce the same thing. g. Stimulus discrimination i. Learning the differences between stimuli. II. Timinga. Important how this is doneb. Predictability is also a good thing to train. Consistency in this regard, present NS before UCS the better, the more predictable the signal. c. Signal strength is also key – the stronger it is the better it works. i. Louder bells, more food. ii. Attention – whatever it is that you are/aren’t paying attention to determines the response. iii. Bio preparedness – we are set up biologically to pick up on some NS or CS more than others. III. Operant Conditioning a. Organisms learn responses by operating on the environment based onwhat is happening after we behave. i. Law of effect – Thorndikeii. Behaviors that lead to rewards are likely to recuriii. Behaviors that lead to discomfort are not likely to recur.b. Operant – a response that has some effect on the world. c. Reinforcer – increases probability that an operant behavior will happen again. i. Something good follows what you do. ii. Positive 1. Added to your world that is good, after behavior. iii. Negative1. Remove something that is unpleasant, still a positive netgain. Good thing. 2. IV. Shapinga. Reinforce successive approximationsb. Ultimate goal of behavior that we continue to see, as people get closer, we reward them. i. Closer to desired response is a reward. ii. Ignore other behavior. c. Negative reinforcement i. Remove unpleasant stimuli.d. Escape conditioning i. Make response to end an adverse stimulus. e. Avoidance conditioning i. Make response to avoid exposure to an adverse stimulus. ii. Hard to get rid of because the reality is never tested. f. Primary reinforcersi. Inherently rewarding, like chocolateg. Secondary reinforcers i. Previously neutral stimulus that takes on a primary
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