PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture #11 – Laws, Stimuli and Processing Outline of Last Lecture I. Chapter 4 IntroductionII. Basic steps of sensinga. Accessory structures, Transduction, Sensory nerves, Adaptation III. Sounda. Physical characteristicsb. Psychological CharacteristicsIV. Auditory Cell StructuresV. Codinga. Place theory b. Frequency matching theory c. Fee effect VI. Vision (know the major structures)VII. Trichromatic TheoryOutline of Current LectureI. Transduction Processa. Based on light hitting them, action potential is released. b. Multiple rods and cones speak to a single bipolar cell c. Interneurons II. Opponent process theory – visual elements are sensitive to color and are grouped into pairs. III. Thresholda. 2 typesb. Fechner’s Lawc. Weber’s Lawd. Signal Detection Theorye. Response Criterioni. Willingness or reluctance to acknowledge the stimulus. IV. Stimulus CategoriesV. Processing Informationi. Bottoms upii. Top DownLecture 11 NotesVI. Transduction Processa. Based on light hitting them, action potential is released.b. Multiple rods and cones speak to a single bipolar cell – this is called convergence. c. Interneurons – compare input/strength of nearby cell signals, create a sharp contrast and reduce soft lines. i. The closer something is to a specific color, the more the respective, blue red, or green neuron will fire. 1. For example – turquoise, the green and blue neurons will fire. VII. Opponent process theory – visual elements are sensitive to color and are grouped into pairs. a. Blue – yellowb. Red – greenc. Black – whiteVIII. Thresholda. 2 typesi. Absolute – min energy you need to experience a sensation (hearing tests). 1. Compared to 0. ii. Relative – amount of energy needed to compare to some other level. 1. Bigger or smaller than something.b. Fechner’s Lawi. An inconstant amount matters less as the base gets bigger. 1. Adding 1 ounce of water to a cup is a huge difference, but to a tub of water not so much. c. Weber’s Lawi. Just a noticeable difference. ii. This is the smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy. iii. This is a constant fraction of the intensity. 1. JND = KI2. 10% difference to notice that something is heavier; it will be consistent and proportional to increased amounts of the same thing. d. Signal Detection Theoryi. People detect a target sensation by distinguishing it from a background of otherwise meaningless noises. 1. For example – sometimes we hear a text on our phone even when the TV is on. 2. Sensitivity – ability to detect a stimulus. 3. Everyone is differente. Response Criterioni. Willingness or reluctance to acknowledge the stimulus. ii. Changes depending on the situation, how strong does something have to be to render a reaction?iii. Punishment versus rewards system1. We are more likely to say that something is there if we are expecting a reward, but not if we are expecting punishment. Present?Yes NoDetect? Yes Hit False AlarmNo Miss Correct RejectionsIX. Stimulus Categoriesa. False Alarm – no signal but you think that there is, sometimes we imagine text messages when we don’t really hear them. b. Correct Rejections – we do this a lot but we don’t realize it, ie – there are no giraffes in the room. i. People who are more sensitive – more hits and correct regionsii. Yes yes and no no are good. iii. Less sensitive – higher hits and more false alarms. X. Processing Informationa. Expectations drive what you see and do for the most parti. Bottoms up1. Analyze basic features of objects2. Features are combined to create experiencesii. Top Down1. Use knowledge experience to drive understanding2. Expecting and motivation play big
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