PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture 11 Laws Stimuli and Processing Outline of Last Lecture I Chapter 4 Introduction II Basic steps of sensing a Accessory structures Transduction Sensory nerves Adaptation III Sound a Physical characteristics b Psychological Characteristics IV Auditory Cell Structures V Coding a Place theory b Frequency matching theory c Fee effect VI Vision know the major structures VII Trichromatic Theory Outline of Current Lecture I Transduction Process a Based on light hitting them action potential is released b Multiple rods and cones speak to a single bipolar cell c Interneurons II Opponent process theory visual elements are sensitive to color and are grouped into pairs III Threshold a 2 types b Fechner s Law c Weber s Law d Signal Detection Theory e Response Criterion i Willingness or reluctance to acknowledge the stimulus IV Stimulus Categories V Processing Information i Bottoms up ii Top Down Lecture 11 Notes VI Transduction Process a Based on light hitting them action potential is released b Multiple rods and cones speak to a single bipolar cell this is called convergence c Interneurons compare input strength of nearby cell signals create a sharp contrast and reduce soft lines i The closer something is to a specific color the more the respective blue red or green neuron will fire 1 For example turquoise the green and blue neurons will fire VII Opponent process theory visual elements are sensitive to color and are grouped into pairs a Blue yellow b Red green c Black white VIII Threshold a 2 types i Absolute min energy you need to experience a sensation hearing tests 1 Compared to 0 ii Relative amount of energy needed to compare to some other level 1 Bigger or smaller than something b Fechner s Law i An inconstant amount matters less as the base gets bigger 1 Adding 1 ounce of water to a cup is a huge difference but to a tub of water not so much c Weber s Law i Just a noticeable difference ii This is the smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy iii This is a constant fraction of the intensity 1 JND KI 2 10 difference to notice that something is heavier it will be consistent and proportional to increased amounts of the same thing d Signal Detection Theory i People detect a target sensation by distinguishing it from a background of otherwise meaningless noises 1 For example sometimes we hear a text on our phone even when the TV is on 2 Sensitivity ability to detect a stimulus 3 Everyone is different e Response Criterion i Willingness or reluctance to acknowledge the stimulus ii Changes depending on the situation how strong does something have to be to render a reaction iii Punishment versus rewards system Detect 1 We are more likely to say that something is there if we are expecting a reward but not if we are expecting punishment Present Yes No Yes Hit False Alarm No Miss Correct Rejections IX Stimulus Categories a False Alarm no signal but you think that there is sometimes we imagine text messages when we don t really hear them b Correct Rejections we do this a lot but we don t realize it ie there are no giraffes in the room i People who are more sensitive more hits and correct regions ii Yes yes and no no are good iii Less sensitive higher hits and more false alarms X Processing Information a Expectations drive what you see and do for the most part i Bottoms up 1 Analyze basic features of objects 2 Features are combined to create experiences ii Top Down 1 Use knowledge experience to drive understanding 2 Expecting and motivation play big roles
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