PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture 21 Groups and Dissonance Outline of Last Lecture I Quality of Tests a Systematic process for determining the behavior in a standard situation i Reliability the extent to which results are repeatable and stable ii Validity degree to which test measures what it is supposed to measure II Nature vs Nurture a Heritability versus environmental effects III Language a System of communication that uses symbols in a regular way to create meaning Complex little sounds b Rules c Surface and deep structure d Critical period hypothesis e Phonological development f Morphological development g Symantic development h Aphasia Outline of Current Lecture I Attributions a Process of explaining the causes of behavior b Biases i Fundamental attribution error ii Ultimate attribution error iii Actor observer bias iv Self serving bias c Ingroup outgroup bias d Stereotypes II Attitudes a Evaluations of objects events or ideas b Learned III Cognitive dissonance a Festinger i He said that people want consistency between attitudes and behavior 1 This is a very uncomfortable thing for people Lecture 21 Notes IV Attributions a Process of explaining the causes of behavior b Biases i Fundamental attribution error 1 Person not the default ii Ultimate attribution error 1 People from other groups 2 Positive actions have situational cause and negative actions have more of a personal cause iii Actor observer bias 1 Situational factor for ourselves 2 For others internal factors iv Self serving bias 1 Internal for success external for failures c Ingroup outgroup bias i Social identity 1 We are positive about the groups that we belong to ii Ingroups vs outgroups 1 Ingroups are the groups that we are a part of 2 Outgroups other stuff that is relevant to groups that you are a part of like guys versus girls iii Ingroup favoritism 1 We tend to favor the people in our own social groups and circles iv Outgroup homogeneity d Stereotypes i Prejudice ii Discrimination iii Self fulfilling prophecy V Attitudes a Evaluations of objects events or ideas i Relatively enduring but definitely changeable b Learned i Experience ii Socialization c Attitudes best predict behavior when i Stronger ii More personally relevant iii Specific correspondent to behavior iv Formed through direct experience v Accessible VI Cognitive dissonance a Festinger i He said that people want consistency between attitudes and behavior ii When such a behavior is inconsistent that creates dissonance iii Become motivated to reduce dissonance 1 This is a very uncomfortable thing for people
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