PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture #21– Groups and DissonanceOutline of Last Lecture I. Quality of Testsa. Systematic process for determining the behavior in a standard situation. i. Reliability – the extent to which results are repeatable and stable. ii. Validity – degree to which test measures what it is supposed to measure. II. Nature vs Nurturea. Heritability versus environmental effectsIII. Languagea. System of communication that uses symbols in a regular way to create meaning. Complex, little, sounds. b. Rulesc. Surface and deep structured. Critical period hypothesise. Phonological developmentf. Morphological developmentg. Symantic developmenth. AphasiaOutline of Current LectureI. Attributionsa. Process of explaining the causes of behaviorb. Biases i. Fundamental attribution errorii. Ultimate attribution erroriii. Actor-observer biasiv. Self-serving biasc. Ingroup/outgroup biasd. StereotypesII. Attitudesa. Evaluations of objects, events, or ideasb. LearnedIII. Cognitive dissonancea. Festingeri. He said that people want consistency between attitudes and behavior1. This is a very uncomfortable thing for people.Lecture 21 NotesIV. Attributionsa. Process of explaining the causes of behaviorb. Biases i. Fundamental attribution error1. Person, not the default. ii. Ultimate attribution error1. People from other groups2. Positive actions have situational cause and negative actions have more of a personal cause. iii. Actor-observer bias1. Situational factor for ourselves.2. For others – internal factors. iv. Self-serving bias1. Internal for success, external for failures. c. Ingroup/outgroup biasi. Social identity1. We are positive about the groups that we belong to. ii. Ingroups vs. outgroups1. Ingroups are the groups that we are a part of.2. Outgroups, other stuff that is relevant to groups that you are a part of, like guys versus girls. iii. Ingroup favoritism1. We tend to favor the people in our own social groups and circles. iv. Outgroup homogeneityd. Stereotypesi. Prejudiceii. Discriminationiii. Self-fulfilling prophecyV. Attitudesa. Evaluations of objects, events, or ideasi. Relatively enduring, but definitely changeableb. Learnedi. Experienceii. Socializationc. Attitudes best predict behavior when…i. Strongerii. More personally relevantiii. Specific/correspondent to behavioriv. Formed through direct experiencev. AccessibleVI. Cognitive dissonancea. Festingeri. He said that people want consistency between attitudes and behaviorii. When such a behavior is inconsistent, that creates dissonanceiii. Become motivated to reduce dissonance1. This is a very uncomfortable thing for
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