PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture #16 – Schedules, Reinforcement and MemoryOutline of Last Lecture I. Learning II. Timinga. Important how this is doneb. Signal strength is also key III. Operant Conditioning a. Organisms learn responses by operating on the environment based onwhat is happening after we behave. i. Law of effect – ThorndikeIV. Shapinga. Reinforce successive approximationsb. Negative reinforcement c. Escape conditioning d. Avoidance conditioning e. Primary reinforcersf. Secondary reinforcers Outline of Current LectureI. Schedulesa. Continuous b. Intermittent c. Positive punishment d. Negative punishment II. Chapter 8 – Memorya. Process by which information is acquired, stored in the brain, and later retrieved. b. Constructive memory III. Memorya. Episodic, Semantic, Procedural, Prospective IV. Implicit vs Explicit V. Sensory Memorya. Holds information long enough for future processing. b. Short Term MemoryLecture 16 NotesVI. Schedulesa. Continuous – every time you do it you get a prize. b. Intermittent – partial, sometimes you get a rewardNumber of BehaviorsTimeSet amount Fixed Ratio –get a reward after every three behaviors. Fixed Interval – first behavior after behavior gets a reward. Average Amount Variable Ratio – getit after an average number of behaviors, could be1 could be 5. Variable interval – amount of time varies but averagesto three days or something like that. c. Positive punishment – add something unpleasant to decrease behavior. Least favored by psychologists because it can escalate. d. Negative punishment – also known as penalty. Taking away something pleasant. BehaviorWhen Increases DecreasesSomething is Added + reinforcement+punishmentRemoved - reinforcement-punishment/penaltyVII. Chapter 8 – Memorya. Process by which information is acquired, stored in the brain, and later retrieved. i. Persistence of experiences or learning, chunking (big pieces of info).ii. Bowl, breakfast, food, hunger, spoon, fork….ect exampleiii. Semantic distinctiveness – one random funny word in a group stands out and is easier to remember. Like dinosaur in the list above…that would be weird. iv. Primary effect – stuff at the beginning is easier to rememberv. Recency effect – stuff at the end is easier to remember than stuff in the middle. b. Constructive memory i. Maybe remember something no on list by association because we find a hole in that in our minds and our minds tell us to remember something that was never actually said.VIII. Memorya. Episodic – events that you were present forb. Semantic – meanings, general knowledge, huge amount of memories herec. Procedural – how to skills, skill memory, this is hard to explain to peole. d. Prospective – remembering to do something in the future, this is a weird kind of memory, but it is very important. IX. Implicit vs Explicit a. Explicit – consciously remembered/knowni. Semantic, episodic, prospectiveb. Implicit – influence of prior experience even if you are unaware of iti. Procedural, classical conditioning and priming. X. Sensory Memorya. Holds information long enough for future processing. i. Ears hear but they hold it long enough for the brain to process and turn it into a thought. b. Short Term Memoryi. Stores a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time. (20 seconds to a minute). ii. Immediate memory span, max $ of items is about 7 -/+
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