PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture #10 – Beginning of Chapter 4 Hearing and Vision Outline of Last Lecture I. RecapII. Brain Anatomya. Corpus Colossumi. Allows communication between the left and right sides of the brain. b. Homunculusc. Major brain Structuresi. Brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus. d. Cerebral Cortexi. Frontal Lobe ii. Temporal Lobeiii. Parietal Lobeiv. Occipital Lobe e. Neuroplasticity and Critical Periods1. Plasticity is not permanent, some changes cannot happen later in life. f. Heredity – this is passed from parents to the offspringg. Heritability – extent to which variation in a population is due to genetics. i. Nature vs. nurtureOutline of Current LectureI. Chapter 4 IntroductionII. Basic steps of sensinga. Accessory structures, Transduction, Sensory nerves, Adaptation III. Sounda. Physical characteristicsb. Psychological CharacteristicsIV. Auditory Cell StructuresV. Codinga. Place theory b. Frequency matching theory c. Fee effect VI. Vision (know the major structures)VII. Trichromatic TheoryLecture 10 NotesVIII. Chapter 4 Introductiona. Sensation – translating information from outside the body/nervous system into neural activity. b. Perception – process through which sensations are interpreted, how we give meaning to what we have sensed. c. Figure ground issue – how we separate figures from the ground. IX. Basic steps of sensinga. Accessory structures – modify the stimulus and help bring them into our bodies. b. Transduction – converts energy to neural activity, changed membrane potential and causes action potentials. c. Sensory nerves – carries information to the brain. i. Doctrine of specific nerve energies: anything that stimulates receptor in the eye will make you see light. ii. Brain processes information1. Thalamus2. Cortexesd. Adaptation – occurs when the stimulus does not change. X. Sounda. Physical characteristicsi. Amplitude – intensity, peak to trough height = loudness. ii. Wavelength – distance from one peak to the next.iii. Frequency – number of cycles/waves per second. 1. These have in inverse relationship. b. Psychological Characteristicsi. Loudnessii. Pitchiii. Timbre – same sound can sound different from different instruments. XI. Auditory Cell Structuresa. Pinna – helps collect the sound waves and waved reach a tympanic membraneb. 3 tiny bones that press on the oval windowi. Hammerii. Anviliii. Stirrup c. Oval window attached to cochlead. All along cochlea are a bunch of hair cells that as vibrations pass, cause action potentials to fire. e. Moves the basilar membrane. XII. Codinga. Place theory – information given from the location of the hairs on a basilar membrane that move the most.b. Frequency matching theory – firing rate of the neurons matches the frequency of the sound waves. c. Fee effect – perception of motion even though it is not happeningXIII. Vision (know the major structures)a. Corneab. Irisc. Pupild. Lense. Retinaf. Foveag. Optic nervei. Visual transduction1. Photoreceptorsa. Rods – light, how much light, and amplitudeb. Cones - color and different kinds of color. ii. Photo pigments1. Rhodopsin – sensitive to the presence of light.2. Lodopsin – blue green and red ranges of light. a. Color bling people are missing this. iii. Cells in the retina1. Interneurons have lateral inhibition – takes information that our brain doesn’t see as sharp lines and turns them into sharp lines for us to see. XIV. Trichromatic Theorya. 3 types of conesi. Short wavelength (blue)ii. Medium wavelength (green) iii. Long wavelength
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